Japanese Americans

One important resolution was the transfer of JA property and wealth to whites and the impoverishment of most JAs. remotion and internment produced many other negative consequences for the JAs, including intense and far-flung personal suffering, loss of self-esteem and internal factional conflict, but they also produced a shift in power within the JA conjunction from Issei to Nisei, increased influence and status for JA women, and a sparked a funny display of patriotism and valor by the JA men who enlisted in the armed forces.

In 1945-46 the camps were closed and the inmates were resettled by and with child(p) peacefully. Most JAs prospered during the postwar decades. The civil rights movement in which to a greater extent or less JAs participated helped reduce the level of racial discrimination against JAs and paved the mode for the measures of redress which were enacted after the war, especially the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (CLA), the favored campaign for which was due in large part to in truth effective political efforts by JA groups in Washington, D.C. and at break roots levels.

In its 1983 report, Personal Justice Denied, the independent agency on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) which was appointed by carnal knowledge stated that the decisions to exclude, relocate and resettle the JAs during World War II "[were] non justified by military necessity . . . The bountiful historical causes wh

Smith, Page. Democracy on Trial. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

Americans." In lacquerese Americans from Relocation to Redress, eds. Roger Daniels, Sandra C. Taylor, and Harry

An important factor in fomenting anti-Oriental prejudice was the Hearst and McClatchey (Sacramento Bee) press among others. After December 7, Daniels give tongue to "almost the entire Pacific Coast press . . . spewed forwards racial venom against all Japanese."

The final decision to forcibly remove all JAs, including American citizens, was made by FDR himself in a telephone conversation with depository of War henry Stimson on February 11, 1942. He told Stimson to go ahead but "to be as reasonable as you can.

" On February 19, FDR signed decision maker Order 9066 which authorized the Army to remove at their delicacy anyone they designated in restricted military zones. It and accompanying Congressional implementing formula served as the legal basis for the ensuing relocation and move program. FDR's intervention ended a debate which went on for more than a month between Attorney General Francis Biddle and members of his staff, which include FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, who thought removal of the JAs was not warranted militarily and who were not convinced that the JA population was subversive, and various members of the War Department, including General whoremaster Dewitt, Commander of the Army on the western hemisphere Coast who tell in his Final Recommendations to Stimson on February 14, 1942 said "the Japanese raceway is an enemy race," and General Allen Gullion, Provost Marshal in Washington, Assistant Secretary of War John McCloy and others who pressed for the total removal of JAs from the West Coast. Key factors were that Biddle was unwilling to challenge the prestige of Stimson, many geezerhood his senior and FDR's conviction behind the scenes during the pre-war years that Japanese Americans were "adjuncts of Japan and therefore potential enemies." Robinson added that throughout the evacuation period, "
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