Political philosophy Essay

philosophic system is the study of familiar and funda custodytal problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, designer, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from new(prenominal) ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally dodgingatic approach and its corporate trust on rational argument. In more casual speech, by extension, take of thought can refer to the approximately canonical beliefs, thoughts, and attitudes of an individual or class The word inform of thought comes from the Ancient Greek (philosophia), which literally means slam of wisdom.567 The introduction of the terms philosopher and doctrine has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. Philosophy, which literally means the love of wisdom, is adept of the oldest disciplines in history. There ar military many anformer(a)(prenominal) conceptions slightly philosophers and what they do. any(prenominal) afford take down considered the field to be a science that deals with logical system and reason. each way, many famous philosophers fill do their contri only whenions know to the do of import with their nurses and their students. Below is a lean of the greatest thinkers of all term along with their most all important(p) theories about humane nature and other ponde bounces of the world. Philosophy, which literally means the love of wisdom, is wiz of the oldest disciplines in history.There are many ideas about philosophers and what they do. any(prenominal) have even considered the field to be a science that deals with logic and reason. Either way, many famous philosophers have make their contributions cognize to the world by their writings and their students. Below is a list of the greatest thinkers of all time along with their most important theories about human nature and other ponderings of the world. Karl Marx (1818-1883) nonable ForThe Communist Manifesto, co-founderand father of tenderism & Commu nism Karl Marx is better known as the father of socialism and communism, one follows the other. Marx has been labeled as a revolutionary socialist for his belief in what has been called dictatorship of Voltaire (1694-1778) storied For his philosophical wit french philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet was a well known during the 18th century. He is better known under his pseudonym, Voltaire. Voltaire was an advocate of some of the most basic freedoms, he believed in the freedom of expression, religion and voiced this through his humourous writing. One of his the p portiontariat.In addition to espousing his own philosophies , he was alike a sociologist, economist, journalist, and historian. favorite targets was the Catholic church. Socrates (c. 469-399 BC) noned For the Socratic Method of logic and a founder of Western philosophical system His story began in his hometown of Athens, Greece but unfolded through the writings of his students and fellow philosophers. The field of ethic s was the specialty of Socrates and introduced a concept that has been dubbed as elenchus, or the Socratic rule. He contributed much to the field of logic and epistimology. Plato (c. 428-348 BC). renowned For Platonic idealism & the surmisal of forms Athenian native Plato, and his role in western philosophical system can be traced back to when he was student of Socrates . He also excelled in mathematics, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and religion. He founded the Academy in Athens . John Locke (1632-1704) noted For theory of mind & Father of unstained Liberalism The effect of face philosopher John Locke has on the world reverberates to this daylight. His part on the idea of the social beget theory was one he dual-lane with Sir Francis Bacon. The likes of Rousseau, Voltaire, even American revolutionaries have beeninfluenced by his writings. He also offered the theory of mind wherein he states that knowledge is something you are not born with, but learn and experience. Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) Famous For existential feminism & ethics of ambiguity Simone de Beauvoir is viewed as a philosopher, but she saw herself more as a policy-making activist, intellectual, and a writer. She causeed numerous books which include The Second Sex, The Mandarins, and She Came to Stay. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712- 1778) Adam Smith (1723-1790)Famous For father of modern economics Famous For General Will and the deterrent example simplicityof humanity The semi policy-making philosophy of Rousseau became the basis of the French Revolution. His ideas not only influenced nations, his pass away is reflected in the modern thinking in regards to education, semi semipolitical, and sociological matters. Two of his books, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and On the Social Contract have had its effect on social and political thinking. high hat remembered for his writing of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Scotch philosopher Adam Smith was a pioneer in the field of political economy.His ideas in the areas of moralphilosophy and economics have been studied end-to-end the years, and still is. Aristotle (384322 BC) Famous For Aristotelian logic & theory of soul The third gear member who has greatly influenced western philosophy, Aristotle provided ideas in the areas of aesthetics, ethics, logic, metaphysics, politics, and science. He was a student of Plato and teacher to Alexander the great. Nicomachean Ethics is one of the treatises that Aristotle wrote. He believed that ethics should be applied practically, not merely theorizing it.Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Famous For the Baconian method of scientific investigating and creator of empiricism The position conversion and Scientific Revolution benefitted from the work and ideas of Sir Francis Bacon. In addition to being a philosopher, Bacon was likewise an author, jurist, statesman, orator, and scientist. He was submissive in advocati ng the use of the inductive method when it came to scientific matters, this scientific method was also called Baconian method.Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) Famous For Law of Continuity, Monads, and the Transcendental Law of homogeneousness Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz holds a special place in the annals of philosophy and mathematics.As amathematician, he refined the use of infinitesimal calculus. As a philosopher, he is best remembered for his optimism and as an advocate of rationalism along with Descartes and Spinoza. He also breaked the Law of Continuity. Confucius (551-479 BC) Famous For The Golden Rule and Confucianism Born during the jump off & Autumn era in Chinese history, Confucius and his ideas on social and person-to-person relationships became a school of thought that many Chinese embraced. He was a voracious writer for which includes the Five Classics in Chinese literary works. He believed that neat moral behavior is best practiced, than morality being madea rule. Rene Descartes (1596-1650).Famous For being the Father of Modern Philosophy, Cartesian coordinate system & I think, therefore I am Rene Descartes influence on the world of philosophy is evident at todays universities. His book Meditations of number 1 Philosophy is still being used. Perhaps this statement attributed to Descartes will ring a bell, I think, therefore I am. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Famous For transcendental idealism & metaphysics This 18th century German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, contends that reason is the source of morality. His ideas continue to tickle in the halls of academic philosophy.The influence of these ideas is evident in present day thinking on the subject of ethics, epistemology, aesthetics, politics, and metaphysics. In his publication of Critique of pure Reason, this was his exploit to combine reason with experience to prove failures of traditional philosophy. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Famous For sustenance-affirmation & statement God is dead German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and his ideas covered a dole out ground and as a result, peck began to raise questions they normally would not. The master(prenominal) crux of Nietzsches work was the idea of life-time-affirmation, but he also presented ideas such asWill to power, perspectivism, master- knuckle down morality, and the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy.Albert Camus (1913-1960) Famous For absurdism & 1957 Nobel Prize for literature Albert Camus received a Nobel Prize for literature in 1957. The award was give in recognition for his attempt to create awareness of the plight of the human conscience. Camus is associated with the tenet known as absurdism. This French-Algeria born philosopher was also an author and journalist. C. S. Lewis (1898-1963).Famous For The Chronicles of Narnia, Screwtape Letters & Mere Christianity C. S. Lewis was an academic scholar and Christianapologist. Some of his works are well known, these include,The Chronicles of Narnia, The S crewtape Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) Famous For being a political theorist & concept of Homo faber Hannah Arendt refused to be labeled as a philosopher on the basis that her work revolved around men, not man. Philosophy deals with man in the singular, Letters and The Problem of Pain. He and J. R. R. Tolkien were friends and part of the English department at Oxford. solo, which is different to what she was, a political theorist, dealing with men and the world around them.Hannas passion involved work in the fields ofauthority, democracy, the nature of power, politics, and totalitarianism. doubting Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Famous For absolutism for the soveriegn & political philosophy Thomas Hobbes is dubbed as the founder of the social contract tradition. This English philosopher wrote in the mid 17th century, Leviathan, which laid the groundwork for the introduction of the social contract theory. He also was an advocate of liberal thought and absolutism for the sovereign. Bertrand Ru ssell (1872-1970) Famous For being one of the founders of analytic philosophy Bertrand Arthur William Russell is remembered inthe field of philosophy as a proponent of analytic philosophy. One of his essays has been labeled as the ideal of philosophy, the essay is authorize On Denoting. The British wanted to go against idealism, Russell was their leader. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Famous For the philosophy of existentialism Jean Paul Sartre believed that existence precedes essence. Sartre did not shy from being linked to the ideal of existentialism. He applied his ideals on other areas of his life. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Famous For Pascals law in mathematics & Pascals wager in philosophy The ring of Blaise Pascal is frequently associatedwith mathematics. As a philosopher, he proposed what we know as Pascals wager, in which people, in general, will bet their life on the existence or non existence of God.Michel Foucault (1926-1984) Famous For Structuralism and genealogy What do es it take to make another man do your bidding? This was the finishing of Michel Foucault. well-nigh of his theories touched on the topic of the nature of power and its purpose. His writings revolved around the social institutions and human science. Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) Famous For the idea of the Reverence for Life Albert Schweitzer was a man with many facets.Hisgoal and philosophy of life was to have a Reverence for Life. He believed that civilization had cast aside its foundation in ethics. His published works, The Birth of the Clinic and The establish of Things helped highlight his views on structuralism. David Hume (1711-1776) Famous For problem of causation & his book A Treatise of Human Nature One of the pillars of the Scottish Enlightenment, philosopher David Hume is credited with the founding entry of cognitive science in his book A Treatise of Human Nature. Hume made every attempt to establish a naturalistic approach in understanding man. One of his arguments, Reason is, and ought only to be slave of the passions, is a longstanding idea that says, allow desires to dictate reason. Origen (c. 185-253) Famous For one of the early Church Fathers and theologian Origen has been cited by scholars over the centuries, by academics, pastors, priests, and students. He wrote several treatises that covered philosophical theology, exegesis of the bible and textual criticism. He was influenced in his thinking by both Plato and Aristotle. In his discussions and writings, he always alluded to scripture, which he believed is divinely inspired by God. Thomas Paine (1737-1809).Famous For writing park Sense during the American Revolution As a political activist, Thomas Paine is regarded who helped two revolutionary wars. A pamphlet he wrote in 1776, entitled Common Sense was instrumental in igniting the fires of freedom and a reason to revolt during the American Revolution. Years later, he wrote Rights of Man that justified the French Revolution. Henry Davi d Thoreau (1817- 1862) Famous For his books Walden & Civil Disobedience The book Walden was Thoreaus attempt to express a desire towards living a simple life in nature. Because of another book he wrote, Civil Disobedience, he hadbeen viewed as an anarchist. Thoreaus idea of giving up illusory ideals in interchange for the true needs of life was something he advocated throughout his life. John Dewey (1859-1952) Famous For for his ideas on pragmatism & educational progressivism One of the scratch line men to present the idea of John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Famous For being the most important English speaking philosopher of the 19th century John Stuart is regarded as the most influential pragmatism as a philosophical concept, Dewey also espoused musing Thinking.He believed in the philosophy of education, in which he viewseducation as a social continuity of life. This is why he championed Educational Progressivism. English speaking philosopher of the 19th century. Mainly, he was a defender of political philosophy and he comes from the school of utilitarianism. As a member of the British parliament, he played a role highlighting liberal political philosophy. William pack (1842-1910) Famous For the philosophy of religion and theory of emotion William throng was part of the philosophical school of pragmatism. More importantly was his application of that school of thought on the philosophy of religion.He also attempted to explicate why, if we see a snake, we fear the snake and run. In his theory of emotion, James contends that we see a snake, we run therefore, we fear the snake. Erich Fromm (1900-1980) Famous For orientation of function As a humanistic philosopher, Erich Fromm has been linked to the school of critical theory. Some of his exemplary ideas include being and having modes of existence. Escape from Freedom is one of Fromms books which tries to explaing mans changing view of freedom. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527).Famous For Machiavellianism & The Prince Italian Renaissance philosopher Niccolo Machiavelliis considered the founder of political science and an expert in political ethics. His main cointributions include political philosophy and realism. His book, The Prince has been viewed as a masterpiece that deals with political philosophy. John Calvin (1509-1564) Famous For Calvinism & Doctine of Predestination Calvin developed a point of origin in Christianity the has been known as Calvinism. His attempt to explain the doctrine of predestination as it pertains to God and salvation continues to be debated to this day.The Congregational, Presbyterian, and Reformed church brute their tenets on the learn ofJohn Calvin. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) Famous For father of existentialism The philosophy of religion and the idea of existentialism are two schools of thought that has social lion Tolstoy (1828-1910) Famous For War and Peace and Anna Karenina As a social reformist and moral thinker, Leo Tolstoy is known for his nov els, War and Peace and Anna been linked to Kierkegaard. Most of his ideas revolve on the issue on how a person lives as an individual. Karenina. He helped shape the idea of Christian anarchist thinking and even pushed the idea of anarcho pacifism. Parmenides (c. 515-450 BC) Famous For Eleatic school of philosophy.Parmenides founded the Eleatic school of philosophy sometime in the 5th century BC. He presents us with two views of reality, what is and the way of opinion. A quote from him is telling on how he affected western philosophy, persuasion and being are the same. Mozi (c. 470-391 BC) Famous For Mohism Chinese philosopher Mozi was the moving force in the establishment of the school of Mohism. Mozi was a proponent of moral philosophy and ethics. His teaching encouraged self-reflection and being real, not just obedience and ceremony. Thomas doubting Thomas (1225-1274) Famous For Thomism and Summa Theologica.Even though he was a priest, Thomas doubting Thomas and his philosophy have influenced modern philosophy. He was the father of Thomism, he believed that the justness is true regardless of the source. His work in Summa Theologica and Summa con Gentiles are important sources of discourse that continue to be used today. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759- 1797) Famous For womens rightist philosophy & A Vinidication of the Rights of Woman Mary Wollstonecraft believed that women should be treated evenly the same way and that the social order should be based on reason. She is considered as the earliest of feminist philosophers.Her book A Vinidication of the Rights of Woman speaks of women not being inferior to men. Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Famous For Altruism & positivism Comte was one of the founders of sociology and the dogma of positivism, better known as the positive philosophy. Historians view him as the first of the scientific philosophers. He also conceived the word altruism, a doctrine that says people have an obligation to help or serve others. Avicenna (c. 980-1037) Famous For The Book of Healing Persian philosopher Avicenna was a proponent of Moslem philosophy on which the Avicennian philosophy is based.The Book of Healing is his most famous work that has become an encyclopedia on philosophy and science. In that book he discusses the philosophy of science. Emma Goldman (1869-1940) Famous For anarchist political philosophy Goldman comes from the philosophical school of of anarchism. She was a vocal supporter of womens rights and other social issues. The school of anarchism believes a state is harmful, unnecessary, and undesirable, making Goldman, anti-state.Epicurus (341-270 BC) Famous For Epicurianism & Materialism Epicuruss philosophy is centered on two things, peace and freedom from fear known as ataraxiaand the absence of pain, aponia. In his view, pain and pleasure are barometers of good and evil. This school of thought is known as Epicurianism. Saint Augustine of river horse (354- 430) Famous For Catholic Church & City of God The idea of the Catholic Church comes from the work of Saint Augustine. His writings, City of God and Confessions have influenced western philosophy and are still read today.He believed that man is the conformity of soul and body, a perfect combination. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889- 1951) Famous For Philosophical Investigations & fideism Wittgenstein was a man who buried himself in theroots meaning the love of wisdom. Philosophers are persons who have a compelling need to pursue wisdom. Since the beginning of time, wise man and women have dedicated themselves to asking Big Questions.