Antigens - be chemicals which stimulate the body to produce antibodies.
Antibodies - are chemicals made by the body in response to the antigens of the pathogens, to demob the antigens.
Antigens are molecules (usu tout ensembley proteins or polysaccharides) found on the surface of cells. When a pathogen invades the body, the antigens on its surface are identified as foreign, which activates cells in the resistive administration. There are 4 main stages to immune response:
1.Phagocytes engulf pathogens
A phagocyte (e.g. a macrophage) is a lineament of white gunstock cell which engulfs the pathogen (phagocytosis) they are bribe in the blood and tissues and are the first cells to respond.
The phagocyte recognises the antigens on the pathogen.
The cytoplasm (the cell contents, except the nucleus) of the phagocyte, moves around the pathogen, surrounding it from all sides.
The pathogen is now contained in a bubble in the cytoplasm (phagocytic vacuole).
A lysosome (an organelle containing lysosomal enzymes) fuses with the phagocytic vacuole, and dissolves the pathogen.
The phagocyte then presents the pathogens antigens...it sticks the antigens on its surface to activate other immune system cells.
2. Phagocytes activate T-cells
A T-cell is another type of white blood cell. It has proteins on its surface which bind to the antigens presented to it by the phagocyte. This activates the different type of T-cells some release substances to activate B-cells, and some attach to antigens on a pathogen and kill the cell.
3. T- cells activate B-cells, which divide into Plasma cells.If you requirement to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com
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