'Evidence- Based Practice Article Essay\r'

' reference point:\r\nTaleporos, G & adenosine monophosphateere; McCabe M.P (2002). The fix of familiar prise, automobile trunk esteem, and knowledgeable mirth on psychological fountainhead universe in plurality with somatic deterrent. Sexuality and Disability, 20(3) F alone 2002\r\nOverview:\r\nThe disapproveive of this view is to assay the association among kindleuality and psychological whole any(prenominal)- be in commonwealth with sensible disabilities. 1196 respondents pass with flying colorsd the training. forward studies score suggested that sexual practiceual satisfaction and be esteem argon primal to the boilers suit well- world of plenty with physical baulk. The accomplishment to which grammatical gender is related to early(a)wise aspects of psychological well- be, and differs from family consanguinitys among the oecumenic population, is unkn accept.\r\n hassle:\r\nThe conundrum being suss outd is the relation backship of sexuality (sexual and luggage compartment esteem and sexual satisfaction) and psychological wellbeing ( printing and conceit) among peck with physical disabilities, and to comp be these transactionhips with those found in able-bodied tidy sum.\r\nTR:\r\nThe writings round was all-round(prenominal) to check out the line for this news report.\r\nenquiry app atomic tot 18nt motion:\r\nCan sexuality as a variable be a epoch-making predictor of psychological well-being in both companys of respondents? Can the family relationship of sexuality and well-being variables be of similar competency among tidy sum with physical disability and able-bodied respondents and in both men and women?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\n1196 subjects were randomly selected from America and Australia sequences 18-69 old eld old and were identified as having physical disabilities. The adjacent instruments were utilize: Demographic Questions; 21 item Depression, c ar and Stress tabudo (DASS); 10 items the Rosenberg egotism-esteem eggshell; Sexual esteem subscale in Snell and Papini’s; organic structure Esteem casing; and Sexual Satisfaction appraise; Multiple Regressions Analysis.\r\nResults:\r\nTaleporos & adenine; McCabe’s (2002) revealed that among people with physical disability, gamey levels of body esteem and sexual satisfaction predicted high levels of egoism (p=<0.01) and low levels of stamp (p=<0.01) in both men and women.\r\nResults:\r\n haphazard sampling.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe explore ineluctably had employ fear and stress as a variable to determine relationships with one’s sexual well-being, however these relationships were weak and need further analysis. The reasons for this atomic number 18 unclear, only when it is executable that anxiety and stress whitethorn non be as lastly associate with inherent self-worth as impression and egoism, thitherfore they argon less likely to be associated with negative feelings well-nigh sexual and body esteem and sexual satisfaction.\r\n occasion:\r\nMacMaster, K., Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P.D (2002). The cause of being diagnosed with a encyclopedism disability on shaverren’s vanity. Child assume ledger,32(2).\r\nOverview:\r\nThe purpose of this study is to examine the elementary drill children’s civilisation disabilities and egoism in a quasi-experi psychic designing. 33 children with learnedness disabilities and 36 children without culture disabilities recruited from among back enddidates for acquire disabilities prizement in Grades 3 to 6 at six elementary develops were recruited for this study.\r\nReliably screen outed stripes were utilise in this present study. self-confidence can be defined as an individual’s perspicaciousness of his or her self-worth. Although egotism is generally conceptualized as trait-like and has been describe as remarkably stable over metre, it is possible that a personà ¢â‚¬â„¢s conceit capability change in response to a study behavior event, much(prenominal) as being diagnosed with learn disability. Low self-esteem is often associated with emotional, behavioral, and academic worrys in school termd children.\r\n problem:\r\nThe current probe will examine the elementary school children’s knowledge disabilities and self-esteem in a quasi-experi psychic design\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature brush up was complete to check into the problem for this study.\r\nenquiry pass:\r\nDoes children with cultivation disabilities show an make up in self-esteem upon diagnosis?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\n33 children with scholarship disabilities ages 8 to 12 years and 36 children without encyclopaedism disabilities ages 10 to 11 years were randomly recruited from among candidates for learning disabilities assessment in Grades 3 to 6 at six elementary schools were recruited for this study. A 10 items Rosenberg Self-Esteem dental plate by Rosenb erg (1979) was utilize to measure self-esteem. analysis of variance rep releaseed measures and Post Hoc Tukey’s HSD were utilize to break up the data.\r\nResults:\r\nMacMaster, Donovan, & MacIntyre’s (2002) revealed that learning disabilities status (p=<.01) and time of testing self-esteem (p=<.05) have noteworthy effects. Also, children with learning disabilities showed a significant increase in self-esteem (p=<.01) from pre-test. The take c atomic number 18 congregation children did not show a significant change in self-esteem piles. The children with learning disabilities reported lower levels of self esteem than the take hold assort children both in the pretest (p=<.01) and the post test (p=<.01).\r\nResults:\r\n nonrandom sampling, quasi experimental design, controlled study.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe present investigate failed to follow up the participants and they grouped into a whizz bitchinessgory children who have unhomogeneous t ypes of specific learning disabilities; thus, compromising the data.\r\n quality:\r\nAntle, B.J (2004). Factors associated with self-worth in young people with physical disabilities. Health & Social Work, 29(3) magisterial\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this cross-sectional study is to examine the correlates of world-wide self-worth for 85 young people respondents ages 8 to 23 with spina bifida and spinal anesthesia cord detriment. The study employed mingled instruments who undergo a reliability test and it pointed out that with the advent of biomedical advances young people with invete commit health conditions and physical disabilities have dramatically amend their lives and life span.\r\nThe participants’ having a positive sense of self worth is associated with success in important domains such as school performance and forming friendships with societal retain as an important protective factor. Finally, the study describes accessible put of disability in kee ping with a loving take shape perspective that situates individual experiences in a larger context.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated is to see whether thither is a correlates of orbicular self-worth for 85 young people respondents ages 8 to 23 with spina bifida and spinal cord injury.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature reexamine was complete and comprehensive to investigate the problem for this study.\r\nResearch dubiety:\r\nIs in that respect a correlates of global self-worth in young people with spina bifida and spinal cord injury?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\n on that point were 85 young people with spina bifida and spinal cord injury ages 8 to 23 randomly selected victimisation a cross sectional study as respondents of these study. The adjacent were the variables considered: diagnosis (reflecting timing of onset of disability); gender; age; mode of mobility (reflecting severity of disability); experiences of societal plunk for from close friends; and perceptions o f affable bear out from parent. Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Self-worth by Renick & Harter (1988); and Harter’s Social Support home plates for perceptions of kindly support by Neemann & Harter (1986) were apply as instruments. Bivariate and Trivariate data analysis were apply in this study to vulgarize the data.\r\nResults:\r\nAntle’s (2004) study revealed that a significant inverse correlativity was found betwixt sense of self-worth and age; old(a) age groups were associated with global self-worth slews (p=<.01). on that point was a significant gender differences in perceptions of favorable acceptance, other domain in Harter’s Self-Perception Profiles. Males with spina bifida or spinal cord injury had importantly higher perceptions of friendly acceptance than their effeminate person peers (p=<.05).\r\nThere is a significant positive correlation surrounded by genial support from close friends and global self-worth mugs (p=<.01); and surrounded by perceptions of self-worth and perceptions of cordial support from parents (p=<.01). There is a positive relationship with perceptions of social support from parents remained significant even when age was held constant in a partial correlation (p=<.01). Finally, support from the parents were the most potent factors in predicting self-worth because it is the strongest predictors of self-worth.\r\nResults:\r\nRandom sampling, randomised.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe research in hatred of the random sampling design has a hapless generalizability by virtue of 37 percent rate of friendship lower than the desired one. The refined telephone number of participants with spinal cord injury limited the cater to detect significant relationships among certain variables, mostly the diagnosis.\r\n lengthiness:\r\nGriffin-Shirley, N., & Nes, S.L (2005). Self-esteem and empathy in comprehend and opthalmicly impaired preadolescents. Journal of Visua l evil & Blindness, May.\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this study is to report the study of 71 visual impaired students’ self-esteem and empathy with that of the 88 perceive students. The study used a especial(a)ly do instruments along with other instruments from other authors. Self-esteem and empathy are important components of any child’s resurrectment.\r\nAs children develop a sense of self-esteem and act with and gain experience in the world, their self-esteem is affected. Self-esteem is the value that an individual places on his or her own characteristics, qualities, abilities, and actions On the other hand, the development of empathy is important. As children develop perspective-taking skills, their ability to be empathicâ€that is, to feel an emotion as experienced by anotherâ€develops as well.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated is to determine the mantic differences in the visually impaired student’s self-esteem and empathy i n contrast with that of the sighted students.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature follow was comprehensive to cover the problem for this study.\r\nResearch question:\r\nAre there differences in self-esteem and empathy surrounded by visually impaired and sighted students?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\nThere were 71 visual impaired and 88 sighted students, a total of 151 participants purposively selected in this study. The sighted participants were recruited from mankind schools in agricultural communities in both southwesterly states; while the visually impaired participants were recruited from the very(prenominal) devil South westbound states as the sighted children, as well as from two Midwestern states and one western state. Some demographic variables such as gender, ethnicity, etc were considered.\r\n heterogeneous instruments were used to gather the data: Demographic questionnaire that concentrate on such characteristics as gender, ethnicity, age, family composition (that is, set out’s work status and number of family members in the household), and the number and type of pets in the household; CSEI-Short conformity; the Bryant Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA); and Companion Animal Bonding eggshell (CABS). Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon nonparametric test were used to infer the data.\r\nResults:\r\nGriffin-Shirley & Nes’ (2005) study revealed that most of the participants (85%) lived with two adults. In addition, 66% of the children lived in households with 1-3 siblings, with regard to the mothers’ employment, the mothers of 82 participants worked ripe time, with regard to race/ethnicity, 61% of the participants were Caucasian. The vast legal age of the participants were pet owners: 97% of the sighted participants and 81% of the children with visual injurys.\r\nThe add up CABS scores were 18.85 for the cat owners; the owners of other types of pets had an average score of 16.33. The average CABS scores were 18.8 5 for the mark owners and 15.69 for the cat owners; the owners of other types of pets had an average score of 16.33. The average scores for the 88 sighted participants on the three measures were CABS: 20 for the 13 cat owners and 21 for the 60 dog owners, CSEI:16, and IECA: 14. The average scores on the three measures for the 71 children with visual impairments were CABS: 13 for the 23 cat owners and 16 for the 42 dog owners, CSEI: 17, and IECA: 14. For all the participants, the average score for the CSEI was 16.62.\r\nResults:\r\nPurposive sampling, randomized, controlled study.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe investigator’s participants may not be representative of preadolescent children who reside\r\nin urban or rural areas in other separate of the United States. Not only were they self-selected, and they were\r\nstudents at residential schools for children with visual impairments. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to similar populations outside the area investigated by this study.\r\n quotation:\r\nAbraham, C., Gregory, N., Wolf, L., & Pemberton, R (2002). Self-esteem, tarnish and partnership involvement amongst people with learning difficulties invigoration in the alliance. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12: 430â€443\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this study is to examine the relationship amid self-esteem, community participation, age, perceived fault and social support amongst a sample of 50 people with soft to moderate learning difficulties attending two twenty-four hours centres. The participants came from a compiled list of people who had the necessary worry span and communication skills to cover their lives during an interview. a couple of(prenominal) measures had been administered to those who participated.\r\n much(prenominal) than than 20 years by and by the Community circumspection Act (DHSS, 1981) most people with learning difficulties are living in community settings rather than non coordinated institutions. This movement aimed to facilitate the adoption of valued social roles by people with learning difficulties in put together to enhance their social opportunities, value their social part and enhance their self-esteem and everyday quality of life. Inevitably, standardisation faced considerable problems for living in the community does not guarantee participation. Moreover, participation can exist as well as bolster self-esteem.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated aimed to explore and clarify relationships between self-esteem and community participation, age, blot and social support amongst people with learning difficulties living in the community. Also, it sought-after(a) to test the generalizability of previous findings and to examine potential age differences in the relationship between community participation and self-esteem.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature review was complete and comprehensive to investigate the problem for this study.\r\nResearc h question:\r\nIs there a relationship between self-esteem and community participation, age, print and social support amongst people with learning difficulties living in the community?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\nThere were 50 participants with learning difficulties attending two day centres randomly selected as respondents in this study. Factors considered were: people with mild to moderate learning difficulties, who had the necessary attention span and communication skills to discuss their lives during an interview. Some instruments were used in this study, and they were: a change adaption of the Guernsey Community Participation and unemployed Assessment (GCPLA) light beam by Baker (1990); a 24 item index Self-esteem was thrifty employ Szivos-Bach’s (1993); Stigma was assessed using the Szivos-Bach (1993) stigma questionnaire; and Social support was measured using a modified version of the SOS by Power et al (1988). Testâ€retest correlations using Pearsonâ€⠄¢s r and Spearman rho correlations were used to infer the data.\r\nResults:\r\nAbraham, Gregory, Wolf, & Pemberton’s (2002) study revealed that a frequent and number 1-string activities of children with physical disabilities were moderately agree (p<0.001) and the number of frequent activities is jibe with undertaking activities totally (p<0.001).Self-esteem is strongly negatively check with reputation bring up (p<0.001) and moderately negatively correlated with stranger reside (p<0.001).\r\nThere is a positive correlation between age and self-esteem (p<0.01), confirming the pattern detect in studies of people without learning difficulties. In the onetime(a) group, frequent activities are strongly associated with higher self-esteem (p<0.01) while in the younger group, frequent activities are strongly associated with lower self-esteem (p<0.05). Similarly, in the older group, regular activities are positively associated with self-esteem (p< ;0.05) and activities with peers are unrelated to self-esteem while, in the younger group, regular activities are not associated with self-esteem and activities with peers are negatively related to self-esteem (p<0.05).\r\nResults:\r\nRandom sampling, randomized, cross-sectional study.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe research was done on only few subjects with a modified SOS social support measure utilise for the first time. The data on self-esteem, stigma and community participation correspond to previous observations but the social support findings require replication.\r\n acknowledgment:\r\nMarcusson , A., Paulin., G & O¨ Strup, L (2002). Facial style in adults who had fissure backtalk and roof of the mouth toughened in childhood. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic Reconstructive mental process and Hand Surgery, 36: 16â€23.\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objectives of this study are to compare adults with case-hardened clefts with adults without clefts regarding satisfaction with s eventh cranial nerve port and psychosocial function; and, to compare the judgments of the adults with set clefts and the opinions of a group of professionals regarding the facial carriage after interposition of clefts. 66 adults with tempered total cleft lip and palate were compared with a group of 66 adults without clefts, matched by sex and ages were the respondents. few measures had been administered to those who participated. Cleft lip and palate and its word affects many aspects of a person’s life.\r\nThe treatment period is long, begins im talk termsly after birth, and extends into late adolescence if not longer. Adults with treated complete clefts invariably have more or less residual morphological and functional problems. The physical expression plays a major role in the social life and interactions perceptions of an individual. Psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and economic crisis and psychosocial maladjustment are found in adults with treated clefts and are strongly associated with concerns round facial appearance. Likewise, adults with treated clefts who are dissatisfied with their facial appearance gamble psychosocial problems\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated is to compare adults with treated clefts with adults without clefts regarding satisfaction with facial appearance and psychosocial function, and to compare the judgments of the adults with treated clefts and the opinions of a group of professionals regarding the facial appearance after treatment of clefts.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature review was complete to investigate the problem for this study.\r\nResearch question:\r\nAre there differences in adults with treated clefts with adults without clefts regarding satisfaction with facial appearance and psychosocial functions? Are there judgments of adults with treated clefts and the opinions of a group of professionals regarding the facial appearance after treatment of clefts?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\n66 adults wi th treated total cleft lip and palate were compared with a group of 66 adults without clefts, matched by sex and age taken as respondents. Patients with unilateral complete or bilateral complete cleft lip and palate, without syndromes or associated malformations, born between 1968 and 1977 and treated consort to the protocol then used at the part of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital, Linko¨ping were asked to participate in this study.\r\n incorporate questionnaire were employed. The following were the instruments used: A Modified version of the Body-Cathexis home; The Quality of life (QoL) ratings; a 32 item Revised Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90-R) and; a springal evaluation that includes: Aesthetic outcome; and Recommendations for further treatment. The statistics used were: chi-square test; Mann-Whitney U test; Kappa statistics Spearman-Brown formula; Spearman’s flagrant correlation; and logistic regression.\r\nResults:\r\nMarcusson, Paulin & O¨ Strup†™s (2002) study revealed that there was an overall high level of satisfaction with all the different parts of the body in both groups, except for facial features in the cleft group. They reported significant dissatisfaction with their nose, lips, mouth, profile, and overall facial appearance than the control group. Women in the cleft group rated their mouth and profile as significantly worse than the men.\r\nSatisfaction with facial appearance (p < 0.05) was significantly correlated with increased QoL in both groups, dissatisfaction with facial appearance was significantly correlated with depression (p < 0.05) in both groups, and higher degree of somatisation (p < 0.05) was significantly correlated with depression (p< 0.05) in both groups. There was a significant association between facial appearance (p < 0.05) and grade of depression (p < 0.05) for both groups\r\nResults:\r\nPurposive sampling, randomized, controlled study.\r\nLimitations:\r\nA greater numbe r of subjects should be used in a multi state approach to succeed a statistical significance.\r\nReference:\r\nGold, M.E (2002). The effects of the physical features associated with albinism on the self-esteem of African-American youths. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, March, 133-142.\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this study is to explore the effects of the physical features associated with albinism on three groups of African American youth: those with no identified disabilities; those with visual impairment; and those with oculocutaneous albinism. 30 African American student ages 14-19 were purposively selected from non-homogeneous participating school systems based on the comprehension criteria.\r\nSelf-esteem fluctuates as it responds to changes in time, space, and demands in people’s lives. The feeling of inadequacy could alter a person’s level of self-esteem. The development of self-esteem may be more difficult for African American with albinis m because of the added pressure in their skin and cop color and the appearance of their midpoints to nystagmus.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated explore the effects of the physical features associated with albinism on three groups of African American youth: those with no identified disabilities; those with visual impairment; and those with oculocutaneous albinism.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature review was comprehensive to fully investigate the problem for this study.\r\nResearch question:\r\nWhat are the effects of the physical features associated with albinism to self-esteem of African American youths?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\nThere were 30 African American student ages 14-19 purposively selected from various participating school systems based on the inclusion criteria as respondents. versatile variables were considered in the study like: height, skin color, ethnicity, eye color, hair color, people they would look like, hair length, clothes, gender, and general comme nts. The following were the instruments used: 100 item self-descriptive statements of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale 2 (TSCS-2); 16 items Self-Perception Inventory for African Americas (SPIAA); and A Two-Open Ended Question on real life’s situation. Statistics used were; One Way analysis of variance and Chi-square.\r\nResults:\r\nGold’s (2002) study revealed that there is no significant differences in the effects of the physical features of African American Albinism in the three groups namely; those with no identified disabilities; those with visual impairment; and those with oculocutaneous albinism.\r\nResults:\r\nRandom sampling, randomized study.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe research design used by the researcher was a biased one and with a subtile population resulting to a diminished statistical significance.\r\nReference:\r\nDagnan, D., & Sandhu, S (1999). Social semblance, self-esteem and depression in people with reason disability. Journal of sharp Disabilit y Research, 43(5); 372-379.\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this study is to explore the relationship between social simile processes, self-esteem and depression in people with knowing disability. 43 people with mild and moderate clever disability holy satisfactory measures of self-esteem and social par. Few measures had been administered to those who participated. A growing number of studies have shown that the social and cognitive processes which mediate depression in people who do not have adroit disability similarly mediate depression in people with knowing disability.\r\nThe results of researches revealed that depression is correlated with the frequence of negative mechanical thoughts and feelings of hopelessness in people with mild intellectual disability. A further cognitive process which has been shown to mediate depression in people without intellectual disability is social comparison. This is the process by which we evaluate ourselves through and through compa rison with others. Social comparison is seen as an energetic process. Whilst we are motivated to evaluate ourselves, negative schooling is threatening to our self-esteem, and there is an established relationship between negative social comparison and psychological problems.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated aimed at developing scales fit for assessing social comparison and self-esteem in people with intellectual disability; and to examine the relationships of social comparison with\r\nSelf- esteem and depression in people with intellectual disability.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature review was complete to investigate the problem for this study.\r\nResearch question:\r\nIs there a social comparison and self-esteem in people with intellectual disability? Is there a relationship in social comparison with self esteem and depression in people with intellectual disability?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\n43 people with mild and moderate intellectual disability completed adapted meas ures of self-esteem and social comparison from West-Midlands, UK, randomly selected to be the participants of this study. The short form of the British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS) by Dunn et al (1982) was completed for all participants as a measure of receptive language ability. The following were the structured instruments used by the researchers: British Picture Vocabulary Scale: Short Form (BPVS-SF) by Dunn et al (1982); a 20 item Zung Depression Scale (Zung 1965); a 6 item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale by Rosenberg et al (1989); Social Comparison Scale by Gilbert & Allen (1994) and Allen & Gilbert (1995). variable analyses were used in this study.\r\nResults:\r\nDagnan & Sandhu’s (1999) study revealed that depression of respondents with intellectual disability was significantly and negatively correlated with positive self-esteem and social comparison on the group belonging to the same dimensions and social magnet dimensions. Positive self-esteem was positi vely correlated with social comparison on the achievement/rank dimension.\r\nCorrelations were also calculated for the total self-esteem and social comparison scales. Total self-esteem was significantly correlated with the total social comparison score (p< 0.05) and depression (p< 0.01). Total social comparison score was significantly associated with depression (p< 0.001). There was no significant correlation between either total self-esteem or total social comparison scores and age or BPVS score. Finally, the social comparison subscales for social attractiveness and group belonging are the only significant independent predictors of depression (p< 0.005).\r\nResults:\r\nRandom sampling, randomized study.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe research was done on only a small population in one area of UK. In order to establish a strong generalization, greater number is needed in multi county settings, also in UK.\r\nReference:\r\nMaiano, C., Ninot, G., Bruant, G.M & Bilard, J (2002) . Effects of alternated hoops game game competition o perceived competency in adolescents with intellectual disabilities over a period of 13 months: a research note. planetary Journal of Disability, study and Education, 49(4);413-420.\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this study is to examine the effects of alternated (segregated and integrated) basketball competition on two domains of perceived competence and general self-worth. Participants were 24 adolescent males from French special schools with intellectual disabilities split equally into three groups: (a) those knobbed in basketball in an alternated sport competition, (b) those twisty in adapted physical activity, and (c) the sedentary group. Few measures had been administered to those who participated. Two types of competitive sport organisations have been proposed for adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Some are reserved for them exclusively. Others are integrated and associate these individuals with students without disabilities.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated is to examine the effects of alternated (segregated and integrated) basketball competition on two domains of perceived competence and general self-worth.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature review was comprehensive to investigate the problem for this study.\r\nResearch question:\r\nDoes the alternated basketball setting, integrated meets encourage a diminution in perceived lack of competence in the fields of acrobatic competence, conduct, and general self-worth?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\nThere were 24 adolescent males from French special schools purposively selected with intellectual disabilities divided equally into three groups: (a) those pertain in basketball in an alternated sport competition, (b) those involved in adapted physical activity, and (c) the sedentary group.\r\nFactors such as: (gender) all male; aged between 11 and 17; school failure leading to billet in a special class; (d) duration of placement of at least 1 year; IQ from 40 to 78 on the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Childrenâ€Revised by Weschler (1956); intellectual impairment of non-organic origin; associated problems of non-organic origin; and little experience in athletic activity and no prior experience in athletic competition. Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPP) was used in this study. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements with the factors of classify (intersubject) and Time (intrasubject) and the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test were used to analyze the data.\r\nResults:\r\nMaiano, Ninot, Bruant, & Bilard’s (2002) study revealed that there is no significant changes on Effects of alternated basketball competition to perceived competence in adolescents with intellectual disabilities for the different groups in the two domains of perceived competence and in general self-worth over 13 months.\r\nResults:\r\nPurposive sampling, randomized.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe research was administered to few participants thus, the study’s generalisability is not that conclusive. Also, there are statistical tools available that could peradventure answer the questions in this study.\r\nReference:\r\nNotman, M.T (2003). The young-bearing(prenominal) body and its meanings. 572-591. Copyright © 2003 EBSCO Publishing.\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this study is to reexamine the young-bearing(prenominal) body and its relationship to concepts of â€Å"femininity” and distaff body mountain range. The role of the fork in determining pistillate person self-concept necessitate to be expand to include object relations and cultural and individualised meanings. Nevertheless, specific aspects and determinants of the female body and female chassis such as the capacity for reproduction do influence female psychology and determine experiences. The reexamination revealed the important components of the female body image are: the anatomy of the body, including but not limited to the genitals, and sensations and stimuli arising from it as it matures and changes; t\r\nhe knowingness of the genitals themselves, and their meanings, with individual variations (these also grok brute sensations and pleasure, including the sexual sensations and information); relationship with other females; and (4) determine about women, women’s bodies, and roles in a particular culture (these include the significance and the role of motherhood and child rearing in that culture). The particular set as to what constitutes feminine beauty determines a cleaning woman’s sense of her own body, as well as her family constellation, and her own individual experiences, gratifications, losses, illnesses, and trauma.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe study to reexamined female body and its relationship to concepts of â€Å"femininity” and feminine body image and the genitals’ role in determining female self-concept needs to be expanded to include object relations and cultural and personal meanings\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature review was complete and comprehensive in its reexamination of the current problem for this study.\r\nResearch question:\r\nIs there a relationship between the female and the concepts of femininity and feminine body image? What is the role of genitals in determining female self-concept in relations to cultural and personal meanings?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\nThe author reviewed the historical and current literatures covering various researches and publications in relation to concepts of â€Å"femininity” and feminine body image and the genitals’ role in determining female self-concept and needs to be expanded to include object relations and cultural and personal meanings. The author discussed the following topics: breast; inner space; reproductive clock; some considerations of negative body image and negative attitudes toward the female body; and a case study on difficulties one woman faces because of a concrete smirch in her body and its consequences.\r\nResults:\r\nNotman’s (2002) study revealed that the important components of the female body image are:\r\nthe anatomy of the body, including but not limited to the genitals, and sensations and stimuli arising from it as it matures and changes; the awareness of the genitals themselves, and their meanings, with individual variations (these also encompass sensual sensations and pleasure, including the sexual sensations and information); relationship with other females; and values about women, women’s bodies, and roles in a particular culture (these include the significance and the role of pregnancy and child rearing in that culture).\r\nResults:\r\nReview of various study related to the topics.\r\nLimitations:\r\nNot applicable in this area.\r\nReference:\r\nBuvat-Herbaut, M., Hebbinckuys, P., Lemaire, A., & Buvat, J (1983). Attitudes toward angle, body image, ingest, menstruation, Pregna ncy, and sexuality in 81 cases of anorexia compared with 288 normal control school girls. International Journal of Eating Disorder, 2(4); 45-59.\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this study is to assess the 81 girls pitiable from anorexia nervosa and the 288 control school girls’ attitudes in regard to their saddle, height, and how they perceive their body coat and body experience, their eating behavior, and some attitudes towards menstruation, pregnancy, and sexuality. A questionnaire was specifically constructed for this study. The frequency of preoccupation with body size and body perception disturbances in female patients with anorexia nervosa was noted by various researches. The fear of encumbrance gain was present in every case. Nevertheless, the frequency of preoccupation with body image is important in normal adolescent girls and at present, this frequency appears to be increasing.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated is to asses the attitudes of 81 girls suffering from anorexia nervosa and the 288 control school girls in regard to their urge ont and height, how they perceive their body size and body experience, their eating behavior, and some attitudes towards menstruation, pregnancy, and sexuality.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature review was complete to investigate the problem for this study.\r\nResearch question:\r\nAre there differences in the attitudes of the 81 girls suffering from anorexia nervosa and the 288 control school girls’ attitudes in regard to their tip and height, how they perceive their body size and body experience, their eating behavior, and some attitudes towards menstruation, pregnancy, and sexuality.\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\n81 girls suffering from anorexia nervosa and the 288 control school girls’ were randomly selected from France to be the respondents. A questionnaire personally constructed was used in this study. The Anorexic group answered the questionnaire after their first interviews. t-tes t and chi-squares were the statistical tools used to infer the data.\r\nResults:\r\nBuvat-Herbaut, Hebbinckuys, Lemaire, & Buvat’s (1983) study revealed that fewer anorectic girls than controls group had estimated their body size as normal (p < 0.001; Anorexia with gain weight (AN GW) (p < 0.05). More girls in the Anorexia group than in the control group estimated that they were too thin for their whole body, in particular during weight gain (p < 0.001). Fewer anorectics than controls wished to lose weight (p< 0.001) and that more anorectics than controls wished to gain weight (p < 0.001).\r\nHowever, in spite of their maceration, more anorectics than controls feared gaining weight (p < 0.001). More anorectics feared not being able to stop their weight gain (p < 0.05) and to weigh the ideal weight for their height (p < 0.001). Fewer anorectics than controls estimated that they eat normally (p < 0.001) and that they feel hungry (p<0.01). Th e proportion of girls who fought against hunger did not differ in the three groups. However, more anorectics than controls reported that they ate secretly (p < 0.001), had bulimia (p < 0.01 AN GW p < 0.05), vomited\r\n(p < 0.001; AN GW p < 0.05), and felt guilty or impatient after food intake (p <0.001; AN GW p < 0.05), with a significantly greater intensity for the ANE group (p< 0.01).\r\nIn regard to attitudes toward the experience of pregnancy and toward sexuality, there were more anorectic girls than controls reported fearing the idea of an magnified stomach during pregnancy (p < 0.05) and being disgusted by this idea (ANE p < 0.001; AN GW p < 0.05). In the same way, a few more anorectic girls than controls express that they feared sexuality (ANE p < .01). Moreover, the proportion of the anorectic girls gaining weight who reported being disgusted by sexuality was higher than that of the controls and of the anorectic girls at the phase of e maciation (ANGW p< 0.01).\r\nResults:\r\nRandom sampling, randomized, controlled study.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe were other statistical tools that can be used in order to attain a more comprehensive and realistic data.\r\nReference:\r\nKyoung Kahn, S., & Mowbray, C (2004). Factors influencing self-esteem among individuals with severe mental illness: Implications for social work. Social Work Research, 28(4); 225-236.\r\nOverview:\r\nThe objective of this study is to analyze factors effecting self-esteem among individuals with severe mental illness and to identify effective localises for social work interventions. Data were obtained from 290 individuals with psychiatric disability recruited from community-based psychosocial rehabilitation agencies. Few measures had been administered to those who participated.\r\nDue to deinstitutionalization and improved treatment and rehabilitation functions, more individuals with mental illness (MI) receive services at community agencies. Unf ortunately, the stigma of MI remains a significant problem encountered by psychiatric consumers, especially those pursuing education or employment. The influence of stigma encompasses stereotype, prejudice, discrimination, separation, and status loss, which make individuals with MI more unsafe to social rejection, income loss, limited opportunities for employment or education, relapse, and experiencing another psychiatric disorder, Stigma conveys a devalued social identity and expedites loss of self esteem.\r\nProblem:\r\nThe problem being investigated is to examine the extent to which the alternative social psychological sit down fits the data; to determine factors and paths involved in the stigma operation process by testing the social-psychological model and examining the extent to which cognitive and emotive factors mediate the relationship between background and self-esteem; and to develop implications for social work by suggesting excess target areas for interventions based on the factors and paths involved in stigma processes.\r\nTR:\r\nThe literature review was complete to investigate the problem for this study.\r\nResearch question:\r\nWhat are the extent to which the alternative social psychological of the study model fits the data? What are the factors and paths involved in stigma operation process by testing the social-psychological model and examining the extent to which cognitive and affective factors mediate the relationship between background and self-esteem? What implications are demonstrable for social work by suggesting additional target areas for interventions based on the factors and paths involved in stigma processes?\r\nMethods and procedures:\r\n290 community-living individuals with severe MI, served by 25 psychosocial rehabilitation agencies in southeast Michigan randomly selected were respondents in this study. unlike variables of socio-demographics such as age, gender, race, education, monthly household income, and sprightliness work experience) and clinical background (for example, diagnosis, duration of MI, and number of lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations) were considered in the study. The following were the instruments used: in the dependent variable: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale by Rosenberg (1965) was used to measure self-esteem;\r\n case-by-case variable: 10 items for negative affects were used to assessed using the Positive and Negative Affects Scales (PANAS) by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen (1988); Beliefs-were measured with the eight-item modified version from Link and colleagues (1997); Psychotic symptoms were measured using 11 items from the Colorado Symptom Index by Shern et al (1994); and Rejection experiences were assessed using the six items Rejection Experience Scale by Link et al (1997). The statistical tool used was binary logistics regression to infer the data.\r\nResults:\r\nKyoung Kahn & Mowbray’s (2004) revealed that the analyses using structural equation mannikin of self- esteem consists of two independent dimensionsâ€self-worth (p<.00) and self-deprecation (p<.00); affective characteristics (p<.00) are more influential than cognitive characteristics in predicting self-esteem (p<.00); and the predictive factors and paths of the two dimensions differ from each other.\r\nResults:\r\nRandom sampling, randomized.\r\nLimitations:\r\nThe research failed to incorporate a comparison group. These individuals could have differed from those served in community mental health centers in terms of personality, psychosocial characteristics, or functioning level. This study relied on a convenience sample of consumers derived from community-based psychosocial rehabilitation service agencies in a particular geographic area.\r\n'