Old Smoke Case Study

Their were close to who would watch the e really move of a supervisor or manager, hoping that they do or say something wrong, just so they merchant ship go and tell their boss. This was done with the in hug drugtions hoping to spoil them in trouble or mayhap even terminated. All of this is a carrefour of the cultural environment we ferment in. signalise the policy on smoking that you would urge to Redwood Associates. The Implications of the work ethic for the time to come of American business are Imminent. A vast number of employees reject the very Idea of hard work and broad hours.They believe In taking shortcuts or getting something done without much sweat, commonly by having someone else do it. If the assign was a priority for upper take management or the individual would reach some type of recognition for its science that was the time in which maximum effort was applied. Other than that, most employees would just sail through the Job stuff and forbear for the big score. These are Just a few of the implications that are drastically bear upon business n America today.Explain how this result would change if what bothers Darlene is non old lot but the smell of Lices perfume or Franks body odor. It Is more rational to conduct workers to be more devoted to their Jobs, more concerned with quality and customer assistance especially with the state of todays economic spotlight in this country. For one, it is the decline thing to do, irrespective of now one may pronounce auto management or ten JODI Tort Tanat matter. Second, you can not calculate to get paid for doing nothing.If you take get by of the customer, provide a quality merchandise with service, you retain a regular patron, tending the alliance earn a boodle and in the end, probably maintain ache term employment. Finally, we all have a moral obligation to do what is right and Just. Explain whether it is fair or reasonable for companies to ban employees from smoking in their cars in the company parking lot. The culture of the work environment and peer pressure are significant reasoning behind employee theft. about employees want to be accepted or fit in with their co- workers.Some of them do not believe that they are paid enough. They would withdraw from the company to gain acceptance or use it as a fashion of getting over. They fail to envision the uphold revenue loss has on the company as a result of employee theft. It is not my stuff. It belongs to the company. I Just work present is the mentality that most employees have. However, if the company or business was ran by them, a family fellow member or someone they knew, they would not let theft to occur. They would want someone to get across it. References Insert References Here (Cheesy)

Aspects of Contract and Business Law Essay

Laws, agreements and customs ar rules that shape our everyday lives. These date fundament for centuries. There argon a lean of different elements that absorb up a valid admit that can be used in occupation today, these contain of the following.OfferOffers atomic number 18 made to contend or buy a intersection point from an individual or company. Unilateral tenders ar stands that apply to everyone, i.e. an advert in a newspaper. An fling must be precise, special(prenominal) and authoritative. In rewrite for there to be a look at then an offer must first be in place. boisterous go past offer indoor(a) acclivity sessions to the public upon which they choose to eat up or not, depending on the price. Their offer to multitude indoor climb lessons must be puddle on what the customer allow get in return for their money, this would be things such as how long the sessions last, what depart be available to them and whether equipment is include in spite of appearance t he price.ConsiderationConsideration is when an individual or company valuatees what they would get appear of the offer and what benefit it would be to them.So when gouge saw the poster and went to buy a new set of ropes and crampons he had to remove what would he was getting out of the deal. He has to hand over his cash in tell to receive the ropes and crampons and demand to assess whether it is a beneficial outcome to him. two PartiesA deal is mingled with two parties. One catch cannot provide lucubrate for anymore participants as it wouldnt be certain enough. In order for it is certain one weightlift is kept between two parties. One party depart offer a deal and the another(prenominal) party has to consider whether to convey it or not.An example of a contract make between two parties within the sheath check is pugnacious transcend and Julie. This is when Julie decides to discussion a halt of 6 climbing lessons and signs a account stating that the sessions c an be cancelled by either herself or Rocky Tops within 7 days follow.CapacityIn order to accept an offer you must do the capacity to do so. This requires you to be above the age of 18 and in the by rights state of mind to throw out the deal with full knowledge of what you are getting into (i.e. you cant be under the influence of alcohol or drugs).Rocky Tops is formed by a partnership between notation and Ben. When they anticipated to both make Rocky Tops into a partnership they both had the right capacity to do so, this office they could make the decision individually to go ahead with the partnership contract in which they are both legally reflect to.AcceptanceAcceptance is when both parties mark to the terms and conditions give tongue to in the contract and are both aware(p) that they are legally bound to the contract. When an individual accepts the offer the contract is signed.Rocky Tops pass judgment an offer from Weathering senior high school as they concord to purc hase 50,000 worth of equipment to be dispatched and delivered by maiden February 2011. They concur to the terms and conditions and both parties are legally bound to the contract. colloquyCommunication between the two parties inescapably to be consistent as all(prenominal) individual needs to be clear on what they are agreeing to and also needs to be kept in the draw in should anything change in the contract. When piece of writing up the contract it should be clearly travel byd, in particular with price. The buyer must be aware of the final cost because if the price included contained hidden costs then the concussion isnt valid and there are grounds for complaint.Bill and Ben, the owners of Rocky Tops, had to communicate with Julie in order to tell her that her threesome lesson has been cancelled. They did so 10 days forward to the third lesson via a letter. The letter stated that if she fails to rebook within one week she willing forfeit her money for that session.Legali tyWhen writing up the contact everything stated has to be legal. You cant put anything that is against the honor as it will make the contract invalid.Rocky Tops did this when creating a sales contract with Julie when she wanted to book a block of 6 climbing lessons. They had to make sure that everything stated in the contract was all legal in order to prevent the contract falling through and through or being taken to court. objectiveWhen an individual or company decides to accept the contract they must do so with the right intentions. This means that when they sign the contract they are in reality willing to carry it out and are serious slightly it.This is evident in the case study when Rocky Tops agreed to buy 50,000 worth of equipment from Weather Heights. This was a contract that the terms were defined by the supplier. Rocky Tops entered with the right intentions as they actually meant to go through with the contract.Case see castratesBill and Ben are keen disceptation-cl imbers and privation to establish a new business Partnership contractThey aim to shake their grand opening on 1st March 2011 and already have exposit confirmed Estate agent contractRocky Tops have agreed to purchase 50,000 worth of equipment from WeatherHeights to be dispatched and delivered by 1st February 2011 foothold of supplier contractRock Tops will also be go instruction and lessons on their indoor climbing wall to both novice rock climbers and the more experiencedLiability indemnification ContractNick sees the poster and buys a new set of ropes and cramponsSales ContractJulie goes to Rock Tops and books a block of 6 climbing lessons and signs a document stating that the sessions can be cancelled by either herself or Rocky Tops within 7 days notice

Nuclear-powered submarines

The war which the dry land feargond upon never happened, the C grey war. unite States of the States and the Soviets argon preparing for this battle as who among these super force-outs will really dominate the realness. As a means of preparation they ar to dominate the oceans, e fussyly the under ocean navigational fleet, the Submarines.Ameri net leaders as a means of preparing for battle put their devote and confidence in their hero sandwich force. charge by their own power plants these atomic slides ar to dominate the seas with unbelievable sophistication and with weapons of incredible destructive power.The judgement of gunmarine came from the Germans who were the ones who pioneered in the creation of the vessel during conception War II (Weir, 1998). The US dark blue has envisioned that wedges of the future would go deeper and survive such(prenominal) faster. Thus as the eld passed, the thermonuclear undersea was created.Under the US legions machine force, t he main mission of the basic cognise SSBNs or Ship Submersible ballistic Nuclear was for the prevention of war to happen. They are to be deployed to strategic sites for them to guard and hence to prevent war (Weir, 1998). Because of their relentless power, as the nuclear is employ to propel them, they swallow the capability to submerge and circumnavigate the world with fewer expenses. They give not sparkler submerge for issue of days to avoid detection and can slow guard strategic sites as their main mission. They are considered as the guardians of a possible nuclear war.According to David Munns in his book, the greatest advantage so that submarines, armed with ballistic missiles, can release its relentless power is that they flummox to be close to the rim. This estimate was the main basis for the development of the sub bob up military force of some(prenominal) get together States and the Soviet Union. Throughout the 45- course of instruction refrigerating War both co untries developed submarines, especially nuclear powered, to gain intelligence or for espionage, collect to its stealth power, and to storm and destroy whatsoever possible enemy surface ships. Its correctly ballistic missiles have the ability to approach ground or land base targets. Both countries develop such goodly undersea fleet and were considered as the a good deal or less potent nuclear threat for both of them. (Munns, 2004)The main idea was that to counter this potent surface warships and nuclear propelled missile cruisers and aircraft carries they have to develop to a greater extent powerful underground fleet (Munns, 2004). With the development of the nuclear power, the first ship that was ever create by the Americans that went to sea is the USS Nautilus. It went to sea on January of 1955. It is propelled by pressurized-water nuclear reactor plant. This firs submarine build by the Americans sets the new standard for submarines (Huchtausen, 2002).The Russians on the other hand, built their first submarine which went to sea on a such(prenominal) later date. The K-3 or excessively cognise as Leninsky Komosol, it is a part of the November path of attack submarines lone(prenominal) went to sea only(prenominal) on 1958. This submarine was the first Soviet sub who have reached the North pole, only in 1962, which the united States first sub USS Nautilus have already through four years earlier. The November line submrines in time had serious problems one example was the diagonal happened in 1968 of its K-27 repayable to a radioactive gas lead which killed 9 people (Huchthausen, 2002).The next split of submarines that was built by the Americans was the click beetle shape Submarines. Built in 1959, this attack submarine was the first to acquiesce nuclear power which has extraordinary speed. This is to a greater extent hydronamic which has a new teardrop withdraw normal. All other US submarines that was created was found on this t rope. The known accident that happened for this clear up of submarine was on May 21, 1968 when the USS Skipjack Scorpion was lost in the sea and was nowhere to be found even due to extensive military search. All the 99 people aboard the submarine similarly lost their lives (Compton-Hall, 1999).The Soviet built the Hotel- branch submarines on 1960. This is the first Soviet Nuclear subs which carries with it ballistic missiles. The design of the November Class is much mistakable to that of the November class, but with much larger compartment to take hold the ballistic missiles (Compton-Hall, 1999). On the aforementioned(prenominal) year the Skipjack Class was created, the US armament built the USS George Washington Class. Built and deployed on 1959, this submarine was the first Nuclear ballistic missile submarine which was created. The main idea for this ballistic missile submarines was that it would attack land-based targets with its nuclear weapons. They are to be deployed nea r shore targets so that their gigantic range missiles can easily hit their targets.The Soviets then pretend the passe-partout Class submarines in 1967. Their design was to attack enemy submarines and to hold dear surface ships of the Soviets. The new teardrop hull enabled the overlord Class to attain higher speed. The Soviets barely abandoned the construction of the second Victor submarine design by and by skill through spy information that the NATO forces could easily track them (Compton-Hall, 1999). Due to this, the Soviets created the Victor trinity submarine.The Americans on 1961 built the thresher Class attack submarines. This submarine is much stronger, much faster, and can dive much deeper. It is likewise designed to be quieter than the Skipjack Class, the materials used in this class have to a greater extent streaming improvements. The name was however changed from Thresher Class to Permit Class when the submarine Thresher sank in New England in 1963 killing all 12 9 crew (Huchtausen, 2002).In 1967, the Soviets created the Yankee Class submarines. This is the first Submarine that has the same firepower as that of the US submarines. This is much quieter than the Hotel Class due to a new hull shape, a new propeller design, and out(prenominal) sound-deadening coatings which is much harder to track. Several modifications were also make headway on this class, with its big design it was enabled to delight miniature submarines.On 1976, the Americans built and deployed the Los Angeles class. This class had 62 vessels built and is considered as the worlds largest nuclear-propelled submarine. This class was designed to primarily protect carriers and other enemy submarine. The purpose of this submarine was the same as that of the Soviets Victor Class. This submarine however was much more powerful than the Victor class because of its capability to do other special missions such as deployment of Special Forces on the ground and attacking larger targets. The Los Angeles class was also ameliorate for better ice operations on the North and southwestward Pole (Compton-Hall, 1999).The next class built by the Soviet and one of the terminal Class is the Typhoon class submarine. During its time, in 1981, it was considered as the worlds largest attack submarine. This improved design which is much quieter compared to its size. This submarine is also more maneuverable even if it is huge. The design of this submarine is much more abstruse due to the existence of dickens printing press hulls which is parallel with each other and a third hull which is on go along of them. This design increases its width and had simplified inwrought arrangements. Being part of a conjunct arms reduction program of the reason Soviet states, six of the Typhoon class was rase in 2003 (Compton-Hall, 1999).The Ohio-class submarine is the last among the long line of designs of the ballistic-missile submarine fleet of US. It re determined the old 1960s versio n and was larger and more capable than its precedents. These subs can carry more and longer-range weapons, operate more quietly, and dive deeper (Compton-Hall, 1999). Russia, on the other hand, designed the contemporary of Ohio, the Oscar submarines. These are Russias largest and most advanced and are still active submarines. Designed to attack U.S. aircraft carrier battle groups, it carries three times as many antiship cruise missiles than its predecessors (Compton-Hall, 1999).Norman Polmar and K.J. Moore, were two naval officials under the US build up Forces who were interviewed by Munns in his book. They said that the United States and the Soviet Union put to sea a combined total of 936 submarines, of which 401 were nuclear propelled, during the whole ratty war from 1945-1991 (Munns, 2004). The Soviet Union was the one who is aggressive in the development of submarines. This development still continues until after the 1970s where research and effort to make the vessels more po werful were developed.From the mid-1940s until early 1990s, ice-cold War was a item of conflict and competition between two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. It was also a period of great technological advancements in the military with no less than the development of nuclear submarines. Faster, quieter and deadlier weapons were developed. It was also this same period which placed the entire world on edge. And knowing the potentials of these weapons, the war that never happened also brought scarce relief to mankind.WORKS CITEDCompton-Hall, Richard. The Submarine Pioneers. Sutton Publishing, 1999.Huchthausen, Peter. K-19 The WidowmakerThe Secret story of the Soviet Nuclear Submarine. National geographic Books, 2002.Munns, David W. Sea Power. May 2004. Retrieved at http//findarticles.com/?noadc=1Polmar, Norman and Moore,K.J. COLD WAR SUBMARINES The Design and reflexion of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Dulles, Va. Brasseys, March 2004. 336 pp.Weir, Gary E. Deep O cean, Cold War. Washington Brasseys, 1998.Evolution of Subs U.S. and Soviet Submarine Milestones of the Cold War. National Geographic. http//www.nationalgeographic.com/k19/evolution_main.htmlhttp//www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_7/deepocean.htm

'3-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube for Li-Ion Battery Anode\r'

'3 Dimensional Carbon hundred na nonube for Li-Ion Battery Anode (Journal of Power Sources 219 (2012) 364-370) Chiwon Kang1‡, Indra vigor Lahiri1‡, Ran natural gasamy Baskaran2, Won-Gi Kim2, Yang-Kook Sun2, Wonbong Choi1, 3* Nanomaterials and contrivance Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University; 10555 collectible west Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA 2Department of Energy Engineering, H some(prenominal)ang University; 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, capital of S verbotenh Korea 133-791, Korea 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas; North Texas disc everywherey Park 3940 North Elm St. retinue E-132, Denton, TX 76207, USACorresponding causation *Email: [email protected] edu Author Contributions ‡These authors contributed equally. Abstract Carbon nanotubes, in contrary forms and architectures, gene govern demonst abide byd wide-cut scream as electrode mate rial for Li-ion batteries, owing to full- gravid issue world, shorter Li-conduction distance and game school galvanic conductivity. However, practical application of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) Li-ion batteries demands naughty school(prenominal) account booktric capacitance, which is otherwise low gear for close to nanomaterials, apply as electrodes.In tell apart to talk this urgent issue, we have developed a refreshed 3- holdingal (3D) anode, based on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), for Li-ion batteries. The unique 3D design of the electrode allowed frequently high up(prenominal) unfluctuating fill of restless anode material, MWCNTs in this case and settlemented in to a ampleer extent occur of Li+ ion intake in comparison to those of conventional 2D Cu legitimate collector. Though wizard such 3D anode was demonst aimd to finisher 50% higher(prenominal) readiness, comp ard to its 2D antipatheticpart, its ability to salute much high er skill, by geometrical modification, is presented.Further more than, deposition of unformed Si (a-Si) layer on the 3D electrode (a-Si/MWCNTs loan-blend structure) offered sweetening in electrochemical response. Correlation in the midst of electrochemical instruction executions and structural properties of the 3D anodes highlights the assertable charge transfer mechanism. Graphical epitome Keywords Li-ion batteries, carbon nanotubes, 3D Cu accredited collector, anode materials, amorphous Si, a-Si/MWCNTs conf apply 1. IntroductionLi-ion batteries (LIB) has been widely use as one of the near distinguished energy storage devices in respective(a) applications such as green voltaic vehicles (EV), portable negatronics and power tools, since it is commercialized by Sony in 1991 [1]. The commercial cell is assembled by carbonaceous anode, separator and a Li containing layered structure cathode (e. g. LiCoO2). In equipment casualty of carbonaceous anodes, black lead and soft or poorly ordered carbons (e. g. mesocarbon microbeads or world-wide graphite, microcarbon fiber) have been use.The solid grounds behind their commercial projection contain the relatively low point of carbon, the excellent automatic sustainability for atomic number 3 launching and desertion (having minimum volume assortment ) and their formation of a protective emerge film with many electrolytes [2-4]. Nevertheless, fully intercalated super crystal fall graphites have relatively lower berth specialised readiness (372 mAhg-1, the stoichiometric formulae of LiC6) and cannot meet the demands of next gene balancen LIB with respect to high special aptitude and volumetric capacitor. To address these issues, other elemental compounds have been explored such as Al, Si, Ge and Sn [5].Among those elements, Si is cognize to have highest theoretical particularised depicted object (4,cc mAhg-1), however huge volume refinement/contraction ( three hundredâ€400%) during lithiation/delithiation brings almost pulverization, resulting in efficiency fading in a high number of rhythm methods. To cover such inherit limitations of bulk electrode materials, ecumenic look into groups have intensively concentrate on novel and suitable nanomaterials such as silicon nanotubes [6], silicon nanowires [7], nano coat transitional coat oxides [8-10], graphene [11] and carbon nanotubes 12-14]. pop of the many nanomaterials on tap(predicate), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted great attention for anode materials referable to their high aero counterpoint land, short dispersal space of Li+ ions and high electrical conductivity [15]. outgoing researches including from our group have demonstrated expectant ope balancen of MWCNT based binder-free anodes in scathe of high special(prenominal) capacity, excellent rate aptitude and extremely or nil capacity degradation during recollective circle operation [16-17].However, carbon nano materials arg on known as low- niggardness materials, which results in low volumetric capacity and low volumetric energy/power density. therefore higher comforting loading of MWCNTs as expeditious materials is one of the most epochal issues to be trueized in practice. Very recently, it argued that nanotube based progressive materials have a unfavourable shortcoming in basis of their very low weight down per w messiness electrode subject field [18].Thus, their gravimetric energy density whitethorn not give a reallyistic picture to commercial application. The sarcastic limitation may lead to scale-up issues for their dominance application in the development of EV. To counter this issue, we propose a new geometry of 3D Cu flowing collectors, which can be given a crucial role in creating higher pop scope to make up more solid loading of MWCNTs on the uniformly arrayed patterns in the 3D structure, leading to higher particular proposition capacity and C-rate capability.Until now, ef forts have been dedicated to employ a number of 3D structured up-to-the-minute collectors including carbon papers [19], a self-assembled 3D bicontinuous nanoarchitecture [20], aluminum nanorods [21], and nanoporous nickel [22]. The anterior research establishd that a self-assembled 3D bicontinuous nanoarchitecture could be one of the ideal electrode architectures in order to realize not only high volume fraction of nanostructured electrolytically active materials (NiOOH/ nickel and MnO2 cathodes) but also their efficient ion and electron transport [20].In addition, ALD coated TiO2 anodes on 3D aluminum nanorod new collectors showed the 10 quantify adjoin in their theoretical come forth compass and total capacity (0. 0112 mAhcm-2), compared to those resulted from the self like(p)(prenominal) anodes on 2D flat aluminum denture and high rate capability (the capacity ratios at 10 C/0. 5 C and 20 C/0. 5 C of the 3D anode were 0. 4 and 0. 35, respectively. ) [21]. Currently, th e divers(prenominal) types of intercrossed anode structures have been designed and synthesizingd in order to expect the synergetic junto of two different types of nanomaterials for the igher electrochemical surgical procedures. As one of the most preferable combinations, MWCNTs/Si hybridization structure can be chosen due to the better mechanical accommodation of MWCNTs of the large volume expansion/constriction of Si during lithiation/delithiation surgical butt against and the higher attach effectuality between MWCNTs and Si. There were some selected reports on MWCNTs/Si composite structures, employing either SiH4 CVD method [23] or sputtering deposition [24]. In this study, we present a novel concept 3D anode agreement, comprising of MWCNTs straightway engendern on 3D Cu hire using catalytic thermal CVD method [25].Electrochemical performances of this 3D anode structure are compared with those of MWCNTs directly vainglorious on 2D Cu peril. Furthermore, enhanced e lectrochemical properties of a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure, synthe coatd on 3D Cu interlocking using a two graduation transit of CVD and sputtering deposition, are presented. morphology and structure of as-grown MWCNTs and a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid anode structures and their role in the electrochemical performance are discussed. 2. observational A Cu shut up (TWP Inc. with s-rate dimensions of 50 µm denseness and 65 µm passel size was on the watch. In parallel, a 50 µm thick complete(a) Cu foil (Nimrod dormitory Copper, 99. 9% purity) was also employed. Both types of samples were utilize as substrates for depositing Ti ( lowlayer)/Ni (catalyst) elegant film by and through a RF and DC magnetron sputtering system. These Ti/Ni keen film deposited samples were cut to 14 mm diam disc watch for 2032 button cell fiction, before inserting into a thermal CVD system for direct MWCNT growth.During CVD, samples were het up(p) very rapidly, under an inert Ar gas environme nt, to the growth temperature of 750°C, and MWCNT growth began with geological period of a mixture of ethylene (C2H4) and enthalpy (H2) gas (1:2 volume ratio) in the chamber. After 50 minutes of growth, the samples were cooled to inhabit temperature within the furnace under an Ar gas envelope. Amorphous Si (a-Si) was deposited win on the as-grown MWCNT samples using the sputtering system with the internalization of Ti adhesion layer in order to enhance bonding strength between a-Si and MWCNTs.Weights of samples were measured before and after(prenominal) CVD growth to exactly identify weights of the active materials (i. e. MWCNTs and a-Si thin layer). morphology and structural properties of the prepared anode structures were carefully investigated using field release scanning electron microscopes (FESEM) (JEOL, JSM-7000F), an energy disseminative spectroscope (EDS) (Thermo Electron Corporation, NORAN System SIX), a Raman spectrometer (Ar+ laser with ? = 514 nm, 33 mW power) and a field emission transmission electron microscope (FETEM) (FEI, TECHNAI F20).Electrochemical performance for these anodic materials was conducted in a typical coin cell (half cell). The cells were assembled in a CR2032 press. The complete cell assembly was carried out in an argon glovebox under extremely low levels of oxygen and humidity ( some(prenominal) undividedly <0. 1 ppm). A pure Li (purity, 99. 9%) metal foil (150 µm thickness) was used as two the lineament electrode and counter electrode, while the MWCNTs on 3D Cu involvement, the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil and the a-Si/MWCNTs composite on 3D Cu web were used as the working electrodes.All the coin cells employed a solution 1. 0 M LiPF6 in EC-DEC (ethylene carbonate : diethyl carbonate, 1:1 in volume ratio) as the electrolyte and a typical polypropylene-polyethylene material (Celgard 3401) as the separator. The charge- deplete tests of the cells were performed in TOSCAT 3100U multichannel battery testing unit, at a continual temperature of 30°C, in galvanostatic (constant menses density) mode. The cells were rhythm method of birth controld in the potential drop range 3. 0 †0. 01 V, recording a current value in each 10 mV step, at a slow rate (0. C) during the initial formation process and at various C-rates in the following cycles. 3. Results and watchword 3. 1. Theoretical unhurriedness of the clear airfield of 3D Cu lock away The decide to introduce 3D Cu manoeuvre as current collector was to annex in emerge domain of a function for the growth of MWCNTs, thus leading to more amount of Li+ intake into them, as compared to 2D Cu foil. 3D Cu interlock was an interlaced structure of numerous Cu wires ( vermiform process A. class 1(a) and solve 1(b). ).Simple geometrical exemplar was followed to calculate the total surface area of this 3D structure, since the calculation of the actual surface area of the assembled 3D Cu operate was very difficult. For easier calculati on, the cylindrical Cu wires were simplify to rectangular wires of equivalent surface area, creating a cuboid array (Appendix A. discover 1(c). ). In this study, MWCNTs were synthesized on the teetotum and lateral surface areas of the 3D Cu appointment only, thusly only these areas were con sidered for calculation. aim 1(a) was a schematic moot of an anode plenty built up of 4 layers of MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh.As a real example, we implemented an anode stack system using 9 individual MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh, in which MWCNTs were coated over the entire area of the Cu meshes as illustrated in code 1(b). The assembled anodes were physically bonded by adhesion agitate between the involved MWCNTs. This phenomenon may be thought of as macrocosm in some way analogous to â€Å"velcro” effect of scales on wool fibers [26]. A simple geometrical relationship was established to calculate the total surface area of 3D Cu mesh and 2D Cu foil (no hole).Variation of the surface ratio of 3D Cu mesh to 2D Cu foil as a pop off of the thickness (T) and the size of holes (L) of 3D Cu mesh is presented in Figure 1(c) (The detail calculation procedure is shown in the Appendix A. ). Surface area diversity magnitude with the thickness of the structure, though its relation with hole size was not straight beforehand owing to contribution from a quick-frozen Cu wire diameter. It may be recalled here that the present study used a Cu mesh with its dimension 50 µm thickness and 65 µm hole size, which showed surface area improvement (almost 60%) as compared to 2D Cu foil.Empirically, the amount weight of MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was 4. 37 mg for a cell with 14 mm diameter and 50 µm thickness dimension, which represented solid loading increase by 400%. Thus, it was imbed that the theoretical calculation was inconsistent with the data-based results since it did not include the influence of aver parameters on the properties of MWCNTs such as their diameters, lengths and densities during the CVD growth. From an anode system assembled using 9 individual MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh (The size of a cell is 15 mm diameter and 50 µm thickness. , the amount maximum loading amount and packing density of MWCNTs were higher than 50 mg and 0. 248 g/cm3, respectively. The weight of sonsy anodes proportionally increase with the number of individual one, which is in a good agreement with the calculation results. 3. 2. Morphology and structural properties of MWCNTs and a-Si/MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh Unique 3D structure of the proposed anode is expected to influence the electrochemical performance. Structural characterization, involving SEM and Raman spectroscopic analysis, has been conducted on these 3D anodes (See Figure 2. . As presented in Figure 2(a), MWCNTs were homogeneously and densely grown over the whole top and lateral Cu mesh area. In addition, the high exaggeration SEM image showed the randomly entangled MWCNTs with their length approximately 30 µm and diameter in the range of 200 †300 nm (See Figure 2(b)). Compared to the 2D Cu foil, the surface areas of the Cu wires surrounding the hole spaces could be available sites for the MWCNT growth, which is structural reward of the 3D Cu mesh to increase the weight of the MWCNTs as active materials.In Figure 2(c), the sketch of the cross section bring in of MWCNTs grown on a whiz Cu wire exhibited the densely grown larger diameter MWCNTs on the top surface area and relatively little diameter MWCNTs on the lateral side area. Along with the structural characteristic, the interfacial concord between active material and current collector importantly influences the electrochemical performance of the anode system. It is highlighted that the soused bonding between MWCNTs and Cu making it affirmable to directly grow MWCNTs on Cu mainly originate in from TiC underlayer [16, 27].The TiC underlayer was formed by the reaction of Ti thin film sputter deposited onto 3D Cu mesh with carbo n trumpeter gas at high temperature about 750°C during CVD processing. High ratio of ID/IG ( somewhat 1) in Raman spectra (Figure 2(d)) of the MWCNT structure also developed high defacement density in the structure. It is inform that the MWCNTs containing more defects showed the better electrochemical performance since the higher straw man of defects provided with more available sites for Li+ ion intakes into the MWCNTs structure and shortened the public exposure length of Li+ ion [28-29].MWCNTs possessing more defects, generated by mechanical breakage and chemical etching, resulted in an increase in specific capacity compared to untreated MWCNTs. In the case of a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure, the broad intensity peak more or less 480 cm-1 (in Raman spectra) showed amorphous Si [30]. It was subsequently affirm from the EDS analysis in the linearly selected area across the SEM image as shown in discover 2(d) that Si was deposited on the some portion of the surface of the MW CNTs. The line profile denoting Si K distinguishably appeared, demonstrating the presence of a-Si deposited layer. . 3. Electrochemical performances of the MWCNTs based anode systems 3. 3. 1. Charge/ rout out capacities Electrochemical performance tests were conducted on these anode structures and the results were presented in Figure 3. First charge- dangle curves for all the anode systems were presented in Figure 3(a). The button cells were charged/dismissed in a galvanostatic mode between 0. 01 and 3 V, at C-rate of 0. 1 C (specific current 38 mAg-1) determined by theoretical specific capacity of graphite (372 mAhg-1).In the case of MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh electrodes, several samples with different solid loading of MWCNTs were measured under the same condition and showed sightly chuck out capacity 474 mAhg-1, LiC4. 7. In Figure 3(a), all the bagging curves exhibited a plateau in the potentiality range 0. 75 †0. 9 V. such plateau was found in most graphite or CNT based anode s and cauline from the decomposition of electrolyte and the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the carbonaceous anode materials [3, 31].Based on the very identical first kindle curves of the MWCNTs and the a-Si/MWCNTs electrodes, it was implied that the MWCNTs mainly controlled the electrochemical properties in both anode structures since the major weight (above 99% weight ratio) of the structure came from the MWCNTs. However, the do of a-Si incorporation on the electrochemical performance were investigated by the first charge curves of the both anodes. The total specific charge capacities of the MWCNTs and the a-Si/MWCNTs electrodes were 299 mAhg-1 and 345 mAhg-1 (almost 16% improvement), respectively.In addition, the Coulombic efficiency of the a-Si/MWCNTs 67% was higher by around 4% than that of the MWCNTs 63%. The relatively higher irreversible capacity at the first charge-discharge cycle is considered a critical limitation of carbonaceous anode materials and the capacity qualifying may be mainly associated with solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation or a aeonian alloy formation [31]. Another possible reason involved the insertion of lithium ions into defect sites (e. g. microcavities) residing in the MWCNTs and their entangled structures [32].Li ions inserted into the defect regions at the first discharge process might be trapped and could not be completely extracted during the charge process. lithium oxide formation at higher voltage could also be another reason for the initial capacity loss [33]. However, Figure 3(a) showed that most Li insertion process proceeded mostly below 1. 5V (versus Li/Li+) so that the possibility of charge using up due to lithium oxide formation may be excluded, in the present case. It may be mentioned here that the higher determine from the a-Si/MWCNTs indicated the a-Si thin layer could play a role in maintaining the stability f SEI formation [17]. On the contrary, the first discharge curves of all the specimens of the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil represented the ordinary specific discharge capacity 323 mAhg-1, LiC6. 9. The average capacity value was more than 3 multiplication lower than that of our previous result [16]. It was speculated that the significant difference was due to different morphology of MWCNTs (average diameter 80 nm, which was sheer than that of the current MWCNTs). At higher growth temperature, the size of the catalytic Ni islands became larger on account of their more facile diffusion [34].With respect to major electrochemically active sites being on and near the surface of MWCNTs [16], the thicker MWCNTs have less active surface area per mass available for participating in electrochemical reaction as compared to the thinner MWCNTs, thereby resulting in the lower specific capacity. During the initial cycle, the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh offered 47% higher average specific capacity compared to that of the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil. It may be historied here that this sp ecific capacity sweetener is close to surface area sweetening 60% also.Compared to the MWCNTs on 3D Cu anodes, the a-Si deposited MWCNT anodes offered the higher average specific discharge capacity 517 mAhg-1, LiC4. 3. This enhancement could be cerebrate to the presence of a-Si thin layer with its high specific capacity on the MWCNTs. It was observe that the weight of the deposited a-Si was lower than 1% of that of the MWCNTs; therefore, the a-Si thin layer did not have any major contribution except subtle increase in the overall specific capacity of the anode, unlike the previous results from Si nanotubes [6] and Si nanowires [7]. . 3. 2. pass stability Cycling stability tests are essential to prove electrochemical performance of the anodes at long make pass operation in the real application. Figure 3(b) illustrates a comparison of the pass stabilities obtained from the three different kinds of anode systems up to 50 cycles at 1 C-rate (current density 372 mAg-1). In the cas e of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh electrode, the reversible capacity meagrely increase from 226 mAhg-1 at first cycle to 258 mAhg-1 at 39th cycle and and thence gradually faded to 254 mAhg-1 until 50th cycles.Such a trend of increase in capacity over the whole cycles is inconsistent with previous results from the constant capacity of MWCNT [16-17]. It was speculated that the continuous charge-discharge process led to create more surface area on the densely entangled MWCNT network structure. We also investigated whether such an energizing process was due to more defects in the structures of MWCNTs induced by the charge-discharge process. According to the SEM images presented in Figure 4(a) and (b), it was not evident that consummate(a) defects or structural damages appeared in the both 150 cycled and just one discharged anode systems.HRTEM images revealed that for both the anode systems, the structural lawfulness of graphene layers still remained with the shallow amorphous second pha se region on the surround of the MWCNTs as shown in Figure 4(c) and (d). In addition, it was pointed out that there was no appreciable volume variation during lithiation and delithiation. No open evidence of diameter change was discover between the as-grown MWCNTs and the MWCNTs subjected to 150 charge-discharge cycles (Figure 2(b) and 4(a)). This observation is in agreement with small volume change of graphitic carbon upon lithium insertion and decline (typically LiC6, around 12%) [35].In the same manner, it was sustain that the specific capacity of the a-Si/MWCNTs on 3D Cu was gradually increased. Along with the electrochemical activation process of MWCNTs, the result could reveal the effect of capacity improvement with to boot incorporated a-Si to take more Li+ ion intakes (almost 10% enhancement of the reversible capacity). Furthermore, the Si-C bonding at the interface between a-Si and MWCNTs was strong enough to avoid peeling off of the a-Si layer during the cycling test. It was highlighted that MWCNTs and a-Si/MWCNTs grown on 3D Cu mesh showed good cycling stability without severe capacity degradation.However, for the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil, the average reversible capacity 163 mAhg-1 was kept constant until the number of 50 cycles. It should be famed that the larger reversible capacity of the 3D MWCNTs was presumably due to their large surface area to accommodate more Li+ ion intercalation. In terms of the reversibility of charge-discharge process, the Coulombic efficiency of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was more than 98% after the initial 4 cycles at 1. 0 C-rate and then increased to 99% after 22 cycles tally to the result shown in Figure 3(c).Such reversibility was ascribed to the decent supply of Li+ ions from Li metal foil used as the reference electrode and counter electrode in the button cell. 3. 3. 3. array capability Rate capability tests are also crucial to prove electrochemical performance of the anodes at higher charge-discharge rate operat ion. Figure 3(d) showed the rate capability of the proposed anodes. The discharge capacity of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was almost constant around 300 mAhg-1 until reaching 1 C-rate (372 mAg-1) and then decreased to 283 mAhg-1 at 3 C-rate (1,116 mAg-1) and further to 250 mAhg-1 at 5 C-rate (1,860 mAg-1).It may be highlighted that discharge capacity dismissly increased with C-rate from 0. 1 C to 1 C and the phenomenon could be attributed to the electrochemical activation process of MWCNTs during cycling as mentioned above. At higher C-rates (e. g. 3 C and 5 C), Li+ ions were inserted and extracted into and from the only surface regions of the forest-like MWCNTs structure due to the limitation of diffusion length of Li+ ions. Another interesting observation was slight increase in specific capacity from 283 mAhg-1 at 1st cycle to 320 mAhg-1 at 22nd cycle at the same 0. 1 C (38 mAg-1) rate.It was again corroborate that higher number of cycles during C-rate tests could be a reason to ef fectively carry out electrochemical activation process in the MWCNT structures. On the contrary, the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil electrode showed a typical staircase type decreasing capacity fashion till the tested limit of 5 C-rate. The direct comparison revealed the higher C-rate capability of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh electrode, as compared to the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil. In particular, at 5 C, the average specific discharge capacity of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was 249 mAhg-1 (14% increase), whereas that of the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil was 218 mAhg-1.The result could be strongly associated with the higher surface area for Li+ ion intercalation due to approximately 4 time higher solid loading of MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh. Furthermore, the higher C-rate capability is significantly attributed to the strong bonding and the lower electric resistance between Cu and MWCNTs, through TiC interface layer [36-37]. Moreover, at 5 C, the average capacity of the a-Si/MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh electrode was 334 mAhg -1 (34% enhancement), while that of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was 249 mAhg-1. In addition, the average capacity ratios at 5 C/0. C of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh and the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil were 0. 86 and 0. 8, respectively, whereas the ratio of the a-Si/MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was around 0. 93. According to the better performances, it was proven that a-Si thin layer coating on MWCNTs could play an important role in the enhancement of C-rate capability. 4. Conclusion A novel 3D MWCNTs on Cu current collectors as an anode of LIB was developed. The 3D anodes showed higher specific capacity, cycling stability and C-rate efficiency as compared to those of the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil anodes.The better performances of the 3D anodes were attributed to the higher average solid loading of MWCNTs, which was 4 times higher than that of the 2D anodes. Addition of the a-Si onto the 3D MWCNTs/Cu showed the further enhancement of electrochemical properties. Acknowledgment Authors thank N. Ricks and Y. Liu for Nano fabrication speediness and FESEM characterization, S. Saxena for allowing to use the Raman facility and J. Hwang and R. Banerjee for HRTEM characterization. It is grateful that J. Kim and D. Kim who provided us with the schematic diagrams.This research was, in part, back up by WCU (World Class University) program through the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R31-2008-000-10092) and AFOSR Grant (FA9550-09-1-0544). Appendix A. Supplementary data List of figure captions Figure 1. (a) A schematic mock up of an anode stack assembled using 4 total of converted uniform stacking cuboid arrays from the geometry of a real 3D Cu mesh (The bottom right gusset shows a unit cell of the cuboid arrays. , (b) SEM images exhibiting a cross-section perpendicular to the anode system stacked by 9 individual MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh and extremely entangled structures of MWCNTs, (c) The surface area and its increment of the 3D C u mesh and the 2D Cu foil and the average real weight of MWCNTs as a function of different thickness and hole sizes (The inset illustrates a unit cell of the 3D Cu mesh with its dimension. ). Figure 2. Morphology and structure of the proposed anode systems. a) A plane glance of SEM image showing the MWCNTs covered on the 3D Cu mesh, (b) The threadlike let on structures of MWCNTs on the 3D Cu mesh with their diameter in the range of 200 †300 nm, (c) Schematic diagram (not to scale) of the geometry of the MWCNTs grown on the 3D Cu mesh and the a-Si deposited MWCNTs structure on the 3D Cu mesh, (d) EDS elemental analysis of the a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure in the linearly selected area across the SEM image, (e) Raman spectroscopic response indicating high defect density of MWCNTs according to ID/IG ratio around 1 and the amorphous Si peak at around 480 cm-1 in the a-Si/MWCNTs. Figure 3.Electrochemical performance of the anode structures of as-grown MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh, MWCNTs o n 2D Cu foil and a-Si/MWCNTs core-shell composite on 3D Cu mesh. (a) First charge-discharge cycle at 0. 1 C-rate, (b) Comparison of the cycling stability of the different anode structures, (c) Coulombic efficiency at 1 C-rate, (d) The variation of reversible capacities at different C-rates. Figure 4. Plane view SEM images of (a) the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh anodes after 150 cycling at 1 C-rate and (b) the MWCNTs after only 1 discharge cycling at the same C-rate. HRTEM images of (c) the 150 cycled one and (d) the 1 discharge cycled one. References 1] T. Nagaura, K. Tozawa, Prog. Batteries Sol. Cells. 9 (1990) 209. [2] L. F. Nazar, O. Crosnier, Anodes and Composite Anodes: An Overview, in: G. -A. Nazri, G. Pistoia (Eds. ), lithium batteries: science and technology, Springer, New York, 2004, pp. 112-115. [3] M. Winter, K. -C. Moeller, J. O. Besenhard, Carbonaceous and Graphitic Anodes, in: G. -A. Nazri, G. Pistoia (Eds. ), Lithium batteries: science and technology, Springer, New York, 200 4, pp. 144-194. [4] R. A. Huggins, groundbreaking Batteries Materials Sciences Aspects, Springer, New York, 2010. [5] D. Larcher, S. Beattie, M. Morcrette, K. Edstroem, J. C. Jumas, J. M. Tarascon, J.Mater. Chem. 17 (2007) 3759-3772. [6] M. H. Park, M. G. Kim, J. B. Joo, K. T. Kim, J. Y. Kim, S. H. Ahn, Y. Cui, J. P. Cho, Nano. Lett. 9 (2009) 3844-3847. [7] C. K. Chan, H. L. Peng, G. Liu, K. McIlwrath, X. F. Zhang, R. A. Huggins, Y. Cui, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3 (2008) 31-35. [8] P. Poizot, S. Laruelle, S. Grugeon, L. Dupont, J. M. Tarascon, Nature. 407 (2000) 496-499. [9] E. Hosono, S. Fujihara, I. Honma, H. Zhou, Electrochem. Commun. 8 (2006) 284-288. [10] B. Varghese, M. V. Reddy, Z. Yanwu, C. S. Lit, T. C. Hoong, G. V. S. Rao, B. V. R. Chowdari, A. T. S. Wee, C. T. Lim, C. -H. Sow, Chem. Mater. 20 (2008) 3360-3367. [11] E. J. Yoo, J.Kim, E. Hosono, H. -S. Zhoi, T. Kudo, I. Honma, Nano, Lett. 8 (2008) 2277-2282. [12] G. Che, B. B. Lakshmi, E. R. Fisher, C. R. Martin, Nature. 393 (199 8) 346-349. [13] A. L. M. Reddy, M. M. Shaijumon, S. R. Gowda, P. M. Ajayan, Nano. Lett. 9 (2009) 1002â€1006. [14] A. Varzi, C. Taubert, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M. Kreis, W. Schutz, J. Power. Sources. 196 (2011) 3303-3309. [15] B. J. Landi, M. J. Ganter, C. D. Cress, R. A. DiLeo, R. P. Raffaelle, Energy. Environ. Sci. 2 (2009) 638-654. [16] I. Lahiri, S. W. Oh, J. Y. Hwang, S. J. Cho, Y. K. Sun, R. Banerjee, W. B. Choi, ACS. Nano. 4 (2010) 3440-3446. [17] I. Lahiri, S. M. Oh, J. Y. Hwang, C.W. Kang, M. S. Choi, H. T. Jeon, R. Banerjee, Y. K. Sun, W. B. Choi, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 13621-13626. [18] Y. Gogotsi, P. Simon, Science. 34 (2011) 917-918. [19] C. Arbizzani, S. Beninati, M. Lazzari, M. Mastragostino, J. Power. Sources. 141 (2005) 149-155. [20] H. Zhang, X. Yu, P. V. Braun, Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 (2011) 277-281. [21] S. K. Cheah, E. Perre, M. Rooth, M. Fondell, A. Harsta, L. Nyholm, M. Boman, T. Gustafsson, J. Lu, P. Simon, K. Edstrom, Nano. Lett. 9 (2009) 3230-3233. [22] Y. Q. Zhang, X. H. Xia, X. L. Wang, Y. J. Mai, S. J. Shi, Y. Y. Tang, C. G. Gu, J. P. Tu, J. Power. Sources. 213 (2012) 106-111. [23] L. F. Cui, Y.Yang, C. M. Hsu, Y. Cui, Nano. Lett. 9 (2009) 3370-3374. [24] P. -C. Chen, J. Xu, H. Chen, C. Zhou, Nano. Res. 4 (2011) 290-296. [25] W. Choi, I. Lahiri, C. Kang, United States Provisional Patent 61,567,979. [26] S. V. Lomov, L. Gorbatikh, I. Verpoest, Carbon. 49 (2011) 2079-2091. [27] I. Lahiri, R. Seelaboyina, J. Y. Hwang, R. Banerjee, W. Choi, Carbon. 48 (2010) 1531-1538. [28] B. Gao, C. Bower, J. D. Lorentzen, L. Fleming, A. Kleinhammes, X. P. Tang, L. E. McNeil, Y. Wu, O. Zhou, Chem. Phys. Lett. 327 (2000) 69-75. [29] H. -C. Shin, M. Liu, B. Sadanadan, A. M. Rao, J. Solid. State. Electrochem. 8 (2004) 908-913. [30] Z. Iqbal, S.Vepiek, J. Phys. C: Solid. State. Phys. 15 (1982) 377-392. [31] C. d. l. Casas, W. Li, J. Power Sources. 208 (2012) 74-85. [32] G. Wang, X. Shen, J. Yao, D. Wexler, J. H. Ahn, Electrochem. Commun. 11 (2009) 54 6-549. [33] E. Frackowiak, S. Gautier, H. Gaucher, S. Bonnamy, F. Beguin, Carbon. 37 (1999) 61-69. [34] Y. T. Lee, J. Park, Y. S. Choi, H. Ryu, H. J. Lee, J. Phys. Chem. B. 106 (2002) 7614-7618. [35] S. Bhattacharya, A. R. Riahi, A. T. Alpas, J. Power. Sources. 196 (2011) 8719- 8727. [36] I. Lahiri, W. B. Choi, Acta. Materialia. 59 (2011) 5411-5421. [37] I. Lahiri, D. Lahiri, S. Jin, A. Agarwal, W. B. Choi, ACS. Nano. 5 (2011) 780-787.\r\n'

'Aims of education Essay\r'

' shade is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and pitying feeling. Scraps of information have nix to do with it. A plainly well-informed man is the most useless wear upon on God’s earth. What we should bearing at producing is men who possess both(prenominal) culture and expert k without delayledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge testament defecate them the ground to lift out from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. We have to entertain that the valuable able development is self- development, and that it broadly speaking takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty.\r\nAs to training, the most important part is given over by mothers before the age of twelve. A saying due to Archbishop Temple illustrates my meaning. perplexity was expressed at the success in after- lifespan of a man, who as a male child at Rugby had been somewhat undistinguished. He answered, â€Å"It is not what they be at eighteen, it is what they release afterwards that matters. ” In training a child to activity of thought, above completely things we must beware of what I will call â€Å" achromatic ideas”-that is to say, ideas that are tho received into the mind without being utilised, or tested, or thr avow into fresh combinations.\r\nIn the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are springy with a ferment of genius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine. The reason is, that they are overladen with inert ideas. Education with inert ideas is not solitary(prenominal) useless: it is, above all things, malign †Corruptio optimi, pessima. Except at rare intervals of keen ferment, education in the past has been radically infected with inert ideas.\r\nThat is the reason why uneducated clever women, who have seen a great deal of the world, are in middle life so much the most courteous par t of the community. They have been saved from this fearful burden of inert ideas. Ein truth intellectual revolution which has ever stirred human being into greatness has been a passionate knowledge against inert ideas. Then, alas, with pathetic ignorance of human psychology, it has proceeded by some educational scheme to dumbfound humanity afresh with inert ideas of its own fashioning.\r\nLet us now entreat how in our system of education we are to guard against this mental dryrot. We enunciate twain educational commandments, â€Å"Do not pick up too many subjects,” and again, â€Å"What you teach, teach thoroughly. ” The resolving power of teaching small parts of a large number of subjects is the passive reply of disconnected ideas, not illumined with any flutter of vitality. Let the main ideas which are introduced into a child’s education be few and important, and let them be throw into every combination possible.\r\nThe child should get ahead them his own, and should understand their application here and now in the circumstances of his actual life. From the very beginning of his education, the child should experience the joyousness of discovery. The discovery which he has to make, is that general ideas give an understanding of that stream of events which pours through his life, which is his life. By understanding I mean to a greater extent than a mere logical analysis, though that is included. I mean â€Å"understanding” in the sense in which it is used in the French.\r\n'

'Freshman Year Survival Guide\r'

'Freshman twelvemonth at Howard University: Survival Course existence a appetiser at Howard University tail be the start of a extensive life for a young dismal person. Student’s fresher family is the social class that washbasin mold or break them. Being a catechumen at any college is precise opportunistic. However, at Howard if a bookman starts of their college career strongly, it sack propel them to do closely their rest categorys at the university. On the some other hand, at Howard University if a student doesn’t address schooldays seriously they can run into an abundance of distractions that can equipment casualty a student’s college career.In verbalise that, it’s evident that the social bulge outlook at Howard University is prelevant enough to swallow a student’s time and focus. How would counterbalance-year students know how to balance out the pleasure and still focus on their nurture without previous knowledge of how H oward is? It would be very difficult to say the least. Howard University should require needful courses and meetings that newcomer regard to tell them how to agitate by means of their freshman year the condemn way. One might ask, what does the proposed way of acquiring through your freshman year inhabit of?I think the first freshman year should consist of run shortting cheering grades, joining clubs that has other students from the same states, by chance getting a job on campus your second semester, and having an easy transition to decorous an independent person, would be the main comp 1nts. In addition, clubs and groups can be very impressive to students coming from sheltered backgrounds. In addition, students who give withstand alship canal been organized have a vision of what they should live up to or excel beyond.Furthermore, these mandatory courses would fair be a three course credit hour course taken one of the semesters of the year. To reiterate, there are lot of books compose on how to get through your freshman year of college. I think that a book could be written on how to get through your freshman year specifically at Howard University as well as a course world taught about the book. In high school, students were demand to go to advisory meetings. So that the students could be hear what the school thought was unavoidable for them to know.So I think that college freshman should be required to do the same thing. On the other hand, sometimes, mandatory meetings in freshman dormitories are held that exemplify about ways to help freshman get through their first year at Howard. However, non all students check these meetings and miss out on important information for them. If students had to attend seminars that teach them how to get through their year by showing the futures of a equilibrate student and a student who parties in like manner much, I think they would follow the effective path.Likewise, one of the freehandgest reasons wherefore students struggle or even drop out their first year of school is because they can’t balance partying and extra curricular activities with school. That is why students should be shown what happens when a freshman at Howard takes the wrong route by roughly dropping out. Easily, freshman could easily get too wrapped up in everything else besides school because of Howard University’s environment.So when students attend these seminars and classes they can see the careers of a prototypical student and worst possible student at Howard University. Obviously, freshman year for a student at any school is important. Students should have the opportunity to know the silk hat and worst they can do as they take on a big change in their life. At a University as prestigious as Howard University, why not ensure future broadness by attempting to make the freshman of Howard as comfortable and informed as possible. account book Count: 627\r\n'

'A Literature Review on the Proton Saga FLX Automative Relay Box Cover\r'

'2.1Automotive electrical pass along box seat cover version\r\nThe trade elect for this survey is relay box screen from Proton Saga FLX. A relay box screen argon industriousness by utilizing blastoff take stage mental process. The make up of this screen is to avoid the H2O from gamytail it into the relay caboodle that excavated in goon of auto. basically, the pliable particle of self-propelled usage waxy from thermosetting household. The polypropylene ( PP ) farce was choose to utilize in this undertaking.\r\n\r\n go by 2.1: Automotive relay box screen\r\n2.2Material\r\nPolymer is a larger stratum of crush that inhabit legion(predicate) poor molecule know as monomer. In make up wholearys minding to addition the graphic symbol in merchandise that produce in shaping exertion, many manner is see to it to increase the character of merchandise. typeface of tractile stuff is a 1 of radical in green computables a good quality so if admit a incorrect stuff leave aloneing do the quality of merchandise lessening.\r\n2.2.1polypropene [ PP ]\r\n\r\nHarmonizing to Tripathi ( 2002 ) polypropene ( PP ) was represent by G. Natta by fol busteding inc parentage from K. Zeigler by the polymerisation of propylene monomer in 1997. Polypropylene is construct by postscript polymerisation and in group of semi-crystal straining thermo fictile. after(prenominal) last four decennary, polypropene is fictile stuff which is 3rd largest consumed after polythene ( PE ) and Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC ) .\r\n\r\n elaborate 2.2: Polypropylene ( PP ) construction. rootage: hypertext impartation communications protocol: //pubs.rsc.org/en/ discip business organization/articlehtml/2014/ra/c4ra01232a\r\nAdvantage of polypropene ( PP ) : scurvy cost technology charge cardsGood chemical oppositionGood detersive oppositionGood weariness opposition advanced opposition temperatureGood concentratedness, stiffness, intensityDisadvantage of polypropene ( PP ) :\r\nThe chieftain applications of polypropene ( PP ) in different merchandise sectors in table below:sectorTypical applicationsAutomotive perseveranceRadiator exaggeration valve, battery instances, tool boxes, bumper screens, splash guards, maneuvering roulette wheel screen, perspective stripsFamily goodVideo cassettes, baggage, bottle caps, nutrient central processor lodging, bowls, pail, play daintygsDomestic contraptionsServe washer parts such as top frame, cellar, bath, extruded gaskets, H2O pratal, etc.\r\n icebox parts such as boxes, containers, shortss, burnal, fault and mer go offtile establishment pipe\r\n nuke oven cabinet, chainss and java shaper organic twist partsElectrical applicationsCable covering, overseas telegram yokes and antenna constituentsTable 2.1: Polypropylene ( PP ) in different sector. parentage: Tripathi ( 2002 )\r\n2.3 slam framework\r\nNowadays Injection blowing is one of largest employ in fabricating effect by utilizing thermo-polym er and thermoset as stuff for fiction. A assortment of merchandise are manufactured by utilizing guesswork constitute mental process because of flexibleness of merchandise end product. at that frame are whatever of our day-to-day utilise merchandise that industry from guesswork procedure. For case compact phonograph record, toys, car bumpers, wandering(a) phone lodgings and tiffin boxes. Harmonizing jumble and Park ( 2013 ) the procedure of green goods al most(prenominal) merchandise is requires three keep downgs which is pellet- act uponing machine, natural plastic as a stuff, and swing in ( cypher 2.3 ) . Injection ashesulateing is a reiterating procedure or cyclic procedure. Harmonizing Kennedy ( 2008 ) Injection simulation consists of four chief course to ratiocination the procedure to bring forrad some merchandise in ( figure 2.4 ) .\r\n\r\nFigure 2.3: Injection modeling machine. offshoot: hypertext head protocol: //www.custompartnet.com/wu/Injection te ndering\r\n\r\nFigure 2.4: quartette chief manakin in jibe pull backing procedure.\r\n2.4 supply\r\nGate placement is a chief of successful of scene modeling procedure. Gate is a standardized a valve for liquid polymer th close together(p) to the overleap. The map of portal is really of import in pellet modeling procedure to contract bug out a good quality of merchandise. Gate should be rootd at country that spend a penny less use dialect in dowry and at where decorative non really concern. If we choose a incorrect opening view the merchandise go a authority do low quality and in any event the tarnish exit adventure on the merchandise. The ripe admission arrangement can maximize quality of merchandise in any case it can avoid imperfection to happen. Harmonizing Beaumont ( 2006 ) for logic gate coiffe at margin in a anatomy, more than(prenominal) prefer use two-plate frigidity smuggler dust. In extra, three-plate smuggler clay can be utilize on gate that locate at inner(a) margin.\r\nThickness of parting is one of mull in make up ones minding localisation of function of gate. Normally merchandise have fluctuations in heavysetness which is thin and recondite(p) serving in one merchandise. The gate must(prenominal) be locate at wide fate beginning(a) compare to thin parcel out. This go forth minimise pull rounding of defect in merchandise such as glide by and nothingness at midst part and in addition uncontrolled of wither clientele. During make fulling procedure the thin fragment go out freeze-off anterior comparison thick portion. Logically, more pull in per building block scene of action must be supplied to come in the influence if gate locate at thin portion and be aligns happen all stigmatize to thick portion allow for be blocked because of rate of full stop of campaign plastic already freeze. This result ensue shrivel up at thick portion too voids, sinks, and fierceness. The bing residue emphasis willing take to warpage line of reasoning in fictile portion.\r\nThe mending gate chosen must be in this regulation Beaumont ( 2006 ) :Gate must be locate at thickest portion or segment ( To avoid sinks, pressing, warpage and nothingnesss. )To promise unvarying choice and packing gate must piece up at balance merge waySee dyers lift line on detailed ramificationLocate at ease topographic smirch or subdivision for degating procedureThe gate rack up should non desert the visual aspect of merchandiseGate location will supply a att shoutute of gate will usedFocus on duration of function through cast ( to guarantee adequate baron per unit body politic to make full cast )Know the supreme value draw in per unit theatre of operations of clinch tonnage/mold can be coveredThe size of gate overly must be concern to acquire a good quality of merchandise. Gate size must be start by smaller size firstly and increase the size until a fit wadding in fossa cat c ast bend to constant. The form of merchandise too ensuing in choice of where gate will turn up for purify quality. For 3-dimensional form ( box or cup ) more prefer gate locate at centroid of cast. This will ensue the radial-ply tire flow form on portion and the filling procedure more easier besides low defect will be. In the ( table 2.2 ) below show recommended forms and location of gate.characteristicGambar dalam buku how to do injection dramatis personae\r\nTgk defense pass Intelligence Agency punya ayat balikCentric gateSmall locate to wad ratio of round cross subdivision reduces heat loss and clash.Difficult machining operation in both mold halve needed.Centric place renders separation more hard and whitethorn necessitate station operation.Gate promote one thousandtingBizarre gateThe outre place of the gate installations of machining.Ease of demolding and separation from casting is another advantage.gate opening aligned to a wall impedes gushingTable 2.2: Recommended forms and location of gate. set-back: How To put on Injection limits-Menges and Mohren ( 1993 )\r\nSome merchandise will confront blush consecrate because of portion of the frozen tegument flow with melt plastic into pit during injection procedure. subsequently the unwanted stuff jet into pit it will do gushing this stuff non remelt in the stuff that jet into pit. Beaumont ( 2006 ) express that gushing go on because of gritty speed from restrictive gate jet the stuff that non yet melt. To get the go against of this contemplate by follow the guideline for gate design feature in the ( table 2.3 ) below Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) .Gate designCharacteristicGambar\r\nTukar ayat sekaliGate should be positioned in such manner that no spurting can happen doing derangesome grade ; melt must encroach in wall or other bar\r\nIf gate is machined simply into one cast half, wintry â€Å"skin” may be carried into pit. This besides solution in efflorescence Markss.\r\nRedres s: a particular moth-eaten bullet good accepts cold stuff.Centric location of gate with disconnected passage and rough walls veto conveyance of cold come out of the closet bed.\r\nRadius at passage causes laminal flow of fade away into pit and prevent jetting.Table 2.3: Guideline for gate design characteristic. Beginning: How To Make Injection Molds-Menges and Mohren ( 1993 )\r\nThe best size of gate depend on:Mold temperatureMelt temperatureVolume stuff to be injected into the feelingModeling wall subdivisionThe flow feature of the stuff to be mold.2.4.1Type of gate\r\nThe chief intent of gate is to bear on smuggler to model pit during injection procedure. So gate have many type to carry through a different cast to accomplish a good form and quality of merchandise. Basically there are three common type of gate that unremarkably used in injection casting procedure Crawford ( 1998 ) :Sprue gatePin gateSide gate\r\nFigure 2.5: common chord common type of gate normally used. Beginning: pliable Engineering by Roy J. Crawford ( 1998 )\r\n2.4.1.1 sprue gate\r\n2.5Cast\r\nCast can be defined as a portion that act as to determine fictile stuffs. The major map cast to designate as topographic heyday that melt plastic will reassign into cast to organize a begrudge form and chuck out when dismiss plastic bend to solid. Mold consist of nucleus and pit. Basically the pit side is a side that melt plastic will flux to cavity side from nose. Core side maps as be and besides as expulsion system after melt fictile solidify.\r\n2.5.1Single pit cast\r\nProcess production of coarse portion normally differ with small-minded portion in injection casting. Rees and Catoen ( 2006 ) give tongue to that big portion are work utilizing individual pit cast. The production of larger portion are frequently non essential in a larger measure. In extra, the building of individual pit cast usage straightforwardst building with a simple injection method and simplest expulsion portion.\r\n\r\nFigure: Single pit cast. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ellmanbooks.com/sale-3136731-custom-single-cavity-plastic-mold- acrid-cold- accordner-injection-molding.html )\r\n2.5.2Two home base cast\r\n2.5.3Three home base cast\r\n2.6Variables in injection casting\r\nThere some of variable that will play impressiveness function in happening of optimal parametric measuring stick in injection casting procedure. The value of this parametric measuring stick will impact the quality of merchandise if non to the full function decently. Harmonizing to Rosato ( 2000 ) incorrect input of parametric quantity puting will take to quality of merchandise bad besides the preciseness will diminish besides will increasing the cost and meter of production.\r\nFour type of variables will used in injection casting procedure:The injection force per unit battlefieldThe wadding force per unit worldThe mold temperatureThe liquify temperature2.6.1Injection force per unit orbital cavity\r\nThe injection force per unit field of force is a most of import parametric quantity in successfully present a mellow out plastic to whole mould portion. The thaw plastic is force through the nose and present to model interminable. The trading during bringing of thaw plastic, the stuff fasting cooled if contact with mould surface will traveling and it causes defect if fictile non fill up decently with adequate force per unit area. If force per unit area low the thaw plastic non fulfilled mould infinite and high force per unit area besides can do overpacking on merchandise.\r\n2.6.2Packing force per unit area\r\nPacking force per unit area is a force per unit area that map to avoid a thaw plastic flow back out of mold infinite during injection modeling procedure. Packing force per unit area besides act as sub divergen force per unit area phase.\r\n2.6.3Mold temperature\r\nMold temperature is one of of import to see in during injection modeling procedure. Tempe rature of cast are of import in concluding portion that required surface of merchandise savorless and in good status. If mold temperature low, it will do melt fictile hard to make full besides start to increasing of injection force per unit area. The cast with higher temperature will sleep together down emphasis in cast while make fulling procedure and the surface coating will better.\r\n2.6.4Melt temperature\r\nMelt temperature known as temperature of fictile stuff to run before injection procedure. A to Higher temperature will do polymer will alter their belongingss. Melt temperature will topic on the viscousness of thaw plastic that will through mold infinite by bringing system.ParameterValueInjection force per unit area100-130 MPaPacking force per unit areaMold temperature15-65OCMelt temperature230-275OCTable 2.4: Parameter of injection casting for polypropene ( PP ) . ( Beginning: Rees and Catoen-Selecting Injection Molds ( 2006 ) )\r\n2.7Defect\r\nPlastic injection casting is an effectual industry in production of plastic. In industry universe, the merchandise green goods are non in one hundred per centum ( 100 % ) in good quality production. Even in injection casting procedure besides have a same job in quality of merchandise ground on defect occurred.\r\n2.7.1 dyers rocket line\r\nWeld line normally occur during the mold filling procedure when thaw plastic flow in mold form and recombined at terminal of pit or downstream location. The surface of merchandise will look like cleft of the cause portion and if many dyers mignonette line go in merchandise it will considered low quality merchandise. The presence of weld line ever occur in plastic cast production and it will failure the merchandise if used in structural applications due to diminishing strength at weld country.\r\nWeld line can split into two ( 2 ) types which is tin dyers rocket and meld dyers rocket. fucking weld occurred when thaw plastic acquittance with antonyms way and meet. Ot her weld line exist when involve extra flow when thaw plastic have recombined in mold pit. This dyers rocket called meld dyers rocket. exactly most normally exist dyers rocket is butt dyers rocket because it cause most jobs.\r\n\r\nFigure: formation of weld line. ( Beginning: Santa Clara University †Engineering Design cracker bonbon ( 2006 ) )\r\nGambar butt dyers rocket and canasta line\r\nHarmonizing Malloy ( 2010 ) the weld line exist can be overcome by consider in procedure:Increase thaw and cast temperatureIncrease velocity of injectionIncrease trim down and retention force per unit areaMold design must be recheck2.7.2Shrinkage\r\nShrinking occurred during mantleing clip. Shrinking happen when thaw plastic flow in cast that indirect contact with cold cast. Harmonizing Beaumont ( 2006 ) shrinking have many job and it may impact the warpage, residue emphasis and portion size. In other words, shrinking is a volume decreases as plastic cools and solidified. Pressure of ex pulsion to take portion from nucleus of cast will increase because of shrinking because alteration in form or warpage.\r\n\r\nFigure: Shrinking exist at thick portion locomote to warpage job. ( Beginning: Santa Clara University †Engineering Design Center ( 2006 ) )\r\nMalloy ( 2010 ) said shrinking can be avoid by:Keeping force per unit area must high mickle but low plenty to avoid of over packing go on that can take to high degree residue emphasisPreferable gate at thickest subdivision foremost compare to thin because it enable packing at thick subdivision. Thick portion hard to chill and pack because its return longer clip to chillFrom Beaumont ( 2006 ) , the shrinking can be advert by utilizing different type of stuff and it’s for mention intent merely in considered shrinking defect. Table 2.5 at below show the type of polymer shrink way flow and it call up shoplifting value.MaterialThickness consequence induces shrinkingAverage linear shrinkingmidst ( 3mm + )thi n ( & lt ; 3mm )Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneisotropicparallel*0.0043Personal computerisotropicparallel*0.0057PSparallel*parallel**0.0035Polyvinyl chlorideperpendicular style*perpendicular*0.0044HDPEparallel*parallel**0.0234PPisotropicparallel*0.0133NYLON 66perpendicular*parallel**0.0162Definitions: Parallel- polymer shrivel more analogues to way of flow\r\nPerpendicular- polymer shrivel more perpendicular to way of flow\r\nIsotropic- additive shrinking independent of flow way\r\n*Low degree of orientation consequence\r\n**Medium degree of orientation consequence\r\n***High degree of orientation consequenceTable 2.5: Type of polymer shrink way flow and mean shrinking value. Beginning:\r\nBeaumont ( 2006 )\r\n2.7.3 go across grade\r\nSink grade are imperfectnesss of the merchandise that exist during injection procedure. Rees and Catoen ( 2006 ) said that during injection procedure, hot plastic through the thick portion in cold cast wall. The thaw plastic to the wall and solidi fy foremost while melt plastic fluxing in cast. This causes melt fictile hard to finish fill in pit and causes of bing sink grade. Sink mark expression like a little hole or depressions. Normally appear at intersections of rib and wall or at thickest subdivision.\r\n\r\nFigure: Sink mark exist on plastic. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reblingplastics.com/quality.htm )\r\nThe pickax to get the better of:Increase injection force per unit areaIncrease cast temperatureReduce injection velocityAir trapAfter injection procedure, the thaw plastic will get down excessively solidified in the cast. The air occurred during chilling phase because of air trapped in liquefied plastics. This will make an empty infinite within the portion and consequence the quality of merchandise. The solution to get the better of this job by increased the keeping force per unit area.\r\n2.7.5 warpage\r\n2.8Design of experiment ( DOE )\r\nMention[ 1 ] DRM Associates, 2007.Injection Moulding Glos sary. [ on-line ] Available at: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npd-solutions.com/injectmouldglos.html & gt ; [ Accessed 5 kinfolk 2010 ]P. K. Kennedy,Practical and Scientific Aspects of Injection Molding Simulation, chapter 2, Technische Universities Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2008M.C. Huang and C.C. Tai, â€Å"The effectual factors in the warpage job of an injection-molded portion with a thin shell feature” ,J. Mat. Proc. Tech., vol. 110, 2001, pp. 1â€9. D.V. Rosato, M.G. Rosato, â€Å"Injection casting handbook” milliampere: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sabic-ip.com/gep/Plastics/en/ProductsAndServices/ProcessingUsingIMDDetail/mold_temperature.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //mould-technology.blogspot.com/2007/12/injection-molds-classification.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.my/books? hl=en & A ; lr= & A ; id=nxYuCCGQ7Z0C & A ; oi=fnd & A ; pg=PP2  8; A ; dq=Crawford, +R. , +1998.+Plastic+Engineering, +3rd+ed.+Oxford: +Butterworth+ % E2 % 80 % 93+Heinemann & A ; ots=ZtSIW48je8 & A ; sig=sKQ9yVYTxsXYqQ2cS — ohC4Pq_g # v=onepage & A ; q=type % 20of % 20gate % 20 & A ; f=false ( roy j. Crawford )hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dc.engr.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/ experience/process/physics/b3500001.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.reblingplastics.com/quality.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.dc.engr.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/trouble/weldmeld/f6000001.htm\r\n'

'Equality for Undocumented Immigrants Essay\r'

'The wo subject field force founders of sociological hypothesis do it possible for wo custody and members of new(prenominal)(a) marginalized comm unit of measure workforceties to cumulate entrance to the rights and privileges their white male counter dies enjoyed for centuries. In particular, the un wishly lives of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Ida B. rise up-Barnett tout ensembleowed new avenues of academia and hearty reassign that had non previously been conceiv equal to(p). Although they expend disparate approaches and their theories thinked on divergent aspects of the club in which they lived, a common medal ties them to pull outher in the history of feminist thinkers: their lovemaking for affable and frugal substitute for women. Their contri preciselyions laid the groundwork for the modern sidereal day struggles for civil rights, in particular the promote for fair treatment and equality of unregistered immigrants.\r\nGilman and Wells-Barnett did non gai n admiration for maintaining the status-quo, which is just now why it is important to apply their methods of search and analysis to the action for the equality of unregistered immigrants. This paper foc offices on the r phylogenyary theories Gilman and Wells-Barnett ar most cognize for, and discusses the potential implications the practical application of these theories might use up when use to unregistered immigrants. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born on July 3, 1860 and died by felo-de-se in August of 1935. Despite her luckless death, the contri onlyions Gilman make to the feminist movement be still considered to be unparalleled, so such(prenominal) so that has been judged â€Å"the most original and challenge mind which the woman movement generated” 1.\r\nIn her most famous work, Women and Economics, Gilman separated herself from other feminists of the time by rashly stating that the integral cause for sex-distinction and the inequality facing women is t he colony on the husband in the family unit for all m acey making activities. Her bold and unapologetic prose exaltedlighted the â€Å"sexuo-economic relationship” between marital men and women, dating back to prehistorical times 2. fit to Gilman, women moldiness swan solely on their sexuality to nominate yet their most basic needs.\r\n irrelevant men, who nonplus endless opportunities to gain their desires, preteen women argon left with hardly their bodies as a means for material and cordial well cosmos, because â€Å"all that she may like to have, all that she may wish to do, must mother through a wholeness channel and a single choice. Wealth, mightiness, social distinction, fame- not only these, but radical and happiness, reputation, ease and pleasure, her bread and butter-all, must come to her through a small bills ring” 3.\r\nWoman’s dependency on men economically not only hurts women financially, socially, mentally, and noeticly. This d ependence of married women on their husbands for virtually all aspects of their well macrocosm in any case has a negative deplete on the rescue. Gilman blames the â€Å"androcentric culture” for societies ills, using the edge specifically to refer to the institutions and social norms be by the capitalist patriarchy men and women argon taught to live in commencement exercise at a very youngish age. This phenomenon, coupled with the inability for women to compete with men in gild, is causing great intellectual waste as well as economic ramifications. Until women could have the same granting immunitys as men to pursue economic independence, they would sojourn subjugated and forced to live their lives without freedom and confined by social norms carry ond by the capitalist patriarchy of male command.\r\nIda B. Wells-Barnett made her mark in feminist sociology not only for her work in the sector of sociology but in any case as a social activist who challenged the status-quo of American participation. She use a unique blend of query and social activism to challenge the racialism she and her fellow traveler African Americans position every day in the linked States, particularly in the mho. Wells-Barnett collected information from newspapers, journals, and other media outlets to display the slipway African Americans were represented in the media and the negative effect this had on the lives of state of color and the poor crosswise the country. For example, in her autobiography, Wells-Barnett describes one incident which resulted in a lawsuit against the Chesapeake, Ohio and Southwestern Railroad.\r\nWhen she refused to leave the â€Å"ladies” car, two conductors had to physically remove her, during which she bit one conductor on the arm and refused to let go. She explains â€Å"”the white ladies and gentlemen in the car even s similarlyd on the seats so that they could get a good view and continue applauding the conduc tor for his brave stand.”4Together with other theorists like Julia Cooper, Wells-Barnett developed a scheme of domination that explained why white men of power continued to dominate American institutions and perpetuate the cycles of racial discrimination and poverty. Specifically, Wells-Barnett pore on the tough behaviors, such as lynching, that dominant members of society used when they felt their position of liberty was being threatened by person or well-nigh group they deemed overcome in society.\r\nHistorian Ula Taylor explains the many ways Barnett used these tools: â€Å"She challenged the myth that all ovalbumin women were chaste, all ghastly women were without virtue, and all dumb men were rapists by unleashing a monumental international campaign against lynching. She documented the economic realities of lynching victims, the possibility that a duster woman could be attracted to a Black man, and finally the fact that Black women were violate and abused at alarming rates. Barnett advocated self-help activities, but she overly fought against Jim Crow facilities with economic boycotts and was not above armed resistance”.\r\nThe focus of Wells-Barnett on the subordination of women was unique in that it looked at the problem not only through the lens of sex, but of race, course of instruction and geographic location. undocumented immigration, commonly known as â€Å"il profound immigration”, is a hot button topic in American politics straight off. In the stick out ten years candidates for governmental office, political parties and inte sleeps groups have used this issue to gain support for their cause, resulting in a alter ongoing debate that affects the estimated 20 one thousand thousand unregistered immigrants that live and work in the United States like a shot.\r\nWhat has become lost in the majority of these discussions is the diminished quality of emotional state these immigrants argon forced to endure repay able to failed social policy of US lawmakers, as well as the many overconfident contributions immigrants from all countries have on the economy and culture of the United States. Advocates for undocumented immigrants are faced with similar challenges faced by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Both women fought for equality for those who did not have equal status in society and in the institutions that make up American government. The application of their theories to the plight of undocumented workers provides a unique lens in which to turn over these women and to test whether their theories can still be successfully applied to modern-day issues.\r\nThe fight for the rights of undocumented immigrants in the United States today is being fought with many of the same tools used by Wells-Barnett during her fight for civil rights. These tools complicate economic boycotts, marches, policy advocacy and media coverage that highlight the injustices being endured by millio ns of men, women and children across the country. For example, in 2004 a documentary authorise â€Å"Farmingville: POV” told the story of two murders in the suburban town of Farmington, New York6.\r\nTwo undocumented workers from Mexico were brutally murdered by the workforce of white men because of their ethnicity and intelligent status. According to Wells-Barnett, these vicious murders occurred because of the pathology of the white men. The ferocity was a reaction to the dominant members of the society note their status in their community was being threatened by those they considered beneath them. The similarities in legal status of African Americans during the living of Wells-Barnett and present-day undocumented immigrants is strikingly similar.\r\nundocumented workers, like African Americans of that time, have different legal rights than their â€Å"American” counterparts, and legally they are not afforded the same rights and liberties as those considered â⠂¬Å"legal”. As she did in her studies of lynching of African-Americans, Wells-Barnett would also look at media representation and instances of racism within the police force and other law enforcement agencies as proof of her theory of domination.\r\nFor example, she could cite an article recently print in Los Angeles, California in which Ernesto Cienfuegos boldly stated: â€Å"murderous ogres are today getting away with the horrific killings of undocumented Mexican immigrants due in part to uncaring and often racist regular army law enforcement agencies. Anti-immigrant hysteria, once the purview of beautify vigilante groups, has now afflicted some in the mainstream media and this has fanned the flames of anti-Mexican bigotry passim the nation resulting in a serial publication of heinous murders of undocumented immigrants that have include women and children”7.\r\nThe language in this article reflects the beliefs held by Wells-Barnett concerning the rape, murder an d other brutality faced by African Americans before and during her lifetime. The theories of Charlotte Perkins Gilman could also be applied to undocumented immigrants in the United States. Specifically, her assertions concerning unspecialized labor in the workforce. In â€Å"The Waste of Private housekeeping”, Gilman explains her belief that because women are forced to be housewives and then cannot pursue their intellectual potential:\r\nâ€Å"Neither the labor of the overworked mother, nor the labor of the regular lowgrade apprentice, can ever reach high efficiency. This element of waste is inherent in domestic persistence and cannot be overcome. No special training can be applied to every girl and produce good results in all; no psychological gymnastics can gain ground housework when housework, in economic status, is at the very bottom of industrial evolution”.\r\nGilman argued that because women were kept to working inside the dental plate they were not able t o develop intellectually at the same level or rate as men. Because undocumented workers face deportation and other punishments because of their legal status, they also are often forced to hang in in jobs in the service industry and as maids cleaning up and face after the children of other families. They depend on the companies that hire them and the families that pay them for their income, and therefore have no choice but to work in deplorable working conditions with earnings often lower than the federal lower limit wage. The argument can also be made that many undocumented women are kept economically dependent on men because they are brought into the United States for use in the sex industry, and often kept as slaves.\r\nWithout the necessary skills, education, or legal status these women cannot escape their terrible situation, and therefore remain dependent on men for their basic needs in lapse for work around the house and sex. Without Gilman and Wells Barnett it is hard to know what these women would think rough the plight of undocumented immigrants. It is important to take into account the different time periods these women lived and worked in.\r\nFor example, Wells-Barnett focused on African Americans because they were legally enslaved by slaveowners for centuries in the United States, and there were laws in place that protected these slaveowners from being held responsible for inflicting harm on any of their slaves. Undocumented immigrants, however, are afforded some basic rights that African Americans were not even after the abolishment of slavery, which Wells-Barnett might be quick to forefront out. While it can probably be proven that the media gives less attention to the murders and violence towards undocumented immigrants, the severity and social filth involving lynching of African Americans in the South was certainly much different.\r\nGilman’s theories are often criticized for their racist and xenophobic undertones, as she believ ed America was the best country in the World and Americans were morally superior to citizens of all other countries9. Might she then castigate undocumented workers and treat them with the same racism she afforded African Americans? In conclusion, the work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Ida B. Wells-Barnett is anything but limited to sociological theory. Both their lives wedged women around the world, and without their vision, intellect and passion for social change the status of women could not be where it is today.\r\nThe lasting impression these women made on society is proven when their theories are applied to the plight of undocumented immigrants in the United States today. These women are responsible for the tools marginalized members of society use to gain access to the freedoms we as Americans arrive at to achieve. Although criticisms can and have been made against the theories of both(prenominal) women, their positive contributions to critical social theory far outweigh the negative. Because of these women’s passion for social justice and equality they too would join the fight for immigrant rights if they were alive today. I am honored to have been able to study and analyze their works and go away carry the knowledge gained from this experience for the rest of my life.\r\n'

'Using an example of an organisation, identify how the change in legislation was implemented and evaluate the impact of this on the service delivery\r'

'Our office staff as complaisant scarperers is nonp aril of an empowering nature; we atomic number 18 or should be affiliated to equality and re-establishing equal power footstalls.\r\nPromotion of liberty is funda psychical to our role, for this reason I brook discrete to look at the execution of the Direct Payments plan, for modify slew; brought in under the Community contend (direct Payments) Act 1996.\r\nThis was brought in as legislation, because of dis equal to(p)d races jam groups, and in order to give disab lead quite a little raise ‘independence and choice (Abbot, D (2003)) further to this the modify Children Act 2000 extended the access to Direct Payments to 16 †17 year over-the-hill disabled people.\r\n inwardly this paper I ordain break up the role of amicable operate departments for disabled people in advance and after the effectuation. In analysis I will identify issues that have arisen from this mixture in singing to the organis ation of companionable functions, the kind workers and run substance abusers, analysing issues of interpretation, and ethnic change.\r\nThe legislation empowered local anaesthetic authorities to do up ‘Direct Payment systems for disabled people that atomic number 18 entitled to residential district awe improvements, under the community c ar act hardly appreciation was disposed to local authorities on how to implement it. (Community Care, (1999) sept, 8th).\r\nBecause of this discretion the fulfil up and the manner of take up to the connive differed which resulted in very junior-grade act for a number of years.\r\nHusler (no date given) tell aparts ‘this legislation is permissive, which sum councils can not ignore it, only when they have discretions on how to implement it (Ibid). This lack of guidance to implementation led to discrepancies in the implementation of the Direct Payments precis\r\nPrior to the implementation of the direct payments sc heme, the role of genial operates was to assess the needs and risks of the disabled person, and d hotshot this process of assessment inferk to minimise or ensure risk and elevate need.\r\nThis was d unity by dint of the provision of services directly functionled or distributed from primeval government of local social services departments.\r\nWe forgather in this situation the semblanceship of power was genius of retention by the social worker at heart a culture of ‘Role and ‘task rather than person. Although umpteen would compete with this point and state the cultural work base of this time was one of a ‘person culture as defined by Burnes (2000)p.164), where the service users needs and wishes are prominent with the minimisation of the structural highrachy base. Handy (1986) would take issue with this notion and further implores that western organisations work predominantly from a role or task oriented cultural work base. This is evident in many of the recently published documents on working practices and guidelines on legislation interpretation, much(prenominal) as the ‘Working in concert Document 2000 and the Assessment Framework 2000.\r\n and, if look guts to the development of the social services and the then good-will Organisation Society (COS) founded in 1869 we take care tell apart of similar practice in relation to current assessment of needs. This was also done by a COS worker who made judgements based on his of her knowledge, this is sortly an earlier form of means interrogation (Glasby & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Littlechild (2002)). From this assessment a payment was given to the person or which then was referred to as ‘relief.\r\nThis was technically abolished in 1834; it continued to be paid in practice well into the twentieth centaury, as a ramble on of complex measures for the support of the poor as unemployment soared (Thane. P (1996).\r\nThe Poor Law was finally abolished in 1948 pu tting an end to payments to the poor by social services departments, and replaced by a national scheme for the payment of social security benefits and the provision of eudaimonia services to the elderly and the handicapped.\r\nThis allowed the practitioner to distance themselves from cash payments and the stigma of poverty, further this led to as Becker (1993) states ‘practitioners having little poverty awareness (p93) and further viewing silver problems as be the problem of other agencies (Davies & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Wainwright (1997) quoted in Glasby & amp; Littlechild p 61)\r\nThis proclivity for the social work profession to distance it self-importance from the nineteenth centaury roots has, resulted in the resistor to the implementation of the Direct Payment Schemes. Although the Direct Payment Scheme is very different from the early payments made by the COS and earlier forms of social services departments.\r\nThis foeman has been from the shop floor soci al workers to MPs such as Virgina Bottomly, who wrote to the MP introducing the Private members bill antecedent to its introduction to goodise direct payments\r\nâ€Å"Social services legislation is concerned with….services and not with direct payments which is the province of the social security system”\r\n(Quoted In Hatchett W, (1991): pp 14 †15).\r\nGovernmental ideology for the implementation of the Direct Payments scheme was to reflect the principles of participation, inclusion and equality by offering choice and independence.\r\nBecause of the lack of clear guidance on interpretation this agenda has been misinterpreted and further resulted in the reluctant take up of the scheme.\r\nRoles and procedures have changed in departments which bear operational changes, and a further shift in the approach to the concept of risk and crack (Dawson (2000) quoted in Carmichael & Br sustain (2002) p.804)\r\nThe involvement in service users lives by social wor kers has shifted away form one of assessment and the in house provision of services, to one of assessment and the provision of monies to purpose individual care form the quasi market place. This can be tailored to meet the individual needs and support of a person, rather than the one ‘size fits all placement of previous service provision (Glasby & Littlechild (2002)) this is in comparison to earlier payments being made by the Independent Living Fund indirectly through and through third parties (Brindle, D. (2000))\r\nfurther key points to the misinterpretation and wispy take up of the scheme is due to the double wording of the legislations guidance the ‘willing and able criteria (Clark & Spafford (2002)) this point argues the service users must be able to ‘ involve direct payments, problems such as ability the to choose have arisen from this guidance as well as to whom the allocation of payment should be made.\r\nWho should have control over the money? Is a question the local authorities have struggled with when assessing people with severe disabilities and people with mental incapacitates. Authorities have taken this colorise area of the legislation and effectively excluded people with mental incapacities because of the legal implications which resulted in the rejecting of an application.\r\nFurther to this councils have choose a top down sticker in which local deterrent organisations are not virtually enough involved within.\r\nThis bureaucratic model is arguably necessary because of the complexity of the system, the workforce need clearly structured role, responsibilities and lines of command for effectiveness (Coulshed & Mullender (2001)) this is for the purposes of office and stability in the system (Ibid).although this can hold in professional liberty and offer further resistance to change (Aldridge (1996) quoted in Coulshed & Mullender, p 31)\r\nWith the implementation of this scheme, thither was a shift awa y from the old system of social worker control to that of user control, which social workers saw as a risk of infection and who have voiced concerns of â€Å"vulnerable people managing their own services and whether it is right to risk such payments (Snell, J. (2000)).\r\nThis is clear indication as Cyert & March (1963) state ‘confusion over how political constraints on insurance policy make a rationalist approach to ending making impossible (quoted in Burnes. B (2000))\r\nThis has led to social workers becoming uncertain as to what is necessary from them, because of the role and responsibility change, as well as the cultural change in the departments, which has further left(a) social workers feeling disempowered. Power and control is decreased from the social worker, and rebalanced with the service user, social workers have fixn this as a perceived loss of their identity and status. (Clark & Spafford (2002) p 252)\r\nConfusion and lack of participation in the planning stages of the delivery of services has left social workers resenting the direct payments scheme, this has further led to slow take up and slow information distribution to service users.\r\nEtienne dAbouuville (1999) states the schemes are floundering because local authorities are use social workers to advice on direct payments, rather than disable peoples organisations which can provide peer support. This is further inference in the change of role change in the role of the care manager Glasby & Littlecihild (2002) argue workload implications and the low ratio of staff is a strong and potential barrier to the independence of disabled people. Mullins (1993) comments on this and states ‘commitment and cooperation to organisational goals will depend on how these are perceived to be in their own interests.\r\nIf we look at this in the context of the social worker who has been giving advice to the service user on, employers responsibility, obligations and legal ramif ications without training and on top of their ‘normal workload we specify why social workers are feeling stressed. Further too this reluctant to work in with the scheme (Hosler (1999)).\r\nSocial worker having little involvement in the change has led to this resistance; this is perpetuated with the burdening of further responsibility on the worker. Mullender and Coulshed argue ‘where structures are going through change this is adapted to more quickly where there are open lines of communication and decentralised structures.\r\nIf we analyse the impact of the organisational change to the service user we see a clear recondition of the social model of disability which as Oliver argues\r\n‘It is not people impairments which contrast peoples ability to participate in society and to make out their rights, but the organisation of society it self which causes the disability”\r\n(Quoted in Stainton, T. (2002) p 752)\r\nThis social model articulates not how to find a way of compensating for the natural disadvantage, but how society can accommodate a range of differences (Ibid).\r\nService users have stated they have rights and autonomy furthering the ability to be recognised as mount citizens (Stainton, T (2002)). Many disabled people earlier to the introduction of the Direct Payments Scheme were given little or no choice in relation to who provided the care, and to what extent. This was reflective of the funding structures and mechanisms of the social services departments (Statinton, T (1998)), here the departments or the family would access and commission the service, which resulted on many occasions being put on a waiting list.\r\nIn this analysis we see little or no choice or control on the part of the service recipient, and further if criteria for service were not met then no service was offered. This coupled with resource constraints and tightly specified service contracts can together restrict the remits and activities of services (Gle ndininig, C, (2000))\r\nWith the raw system the service user retains overall control on who to commission to carry out the work and for what period of time, the service user defines what needs are to be met and to what extent. A shift away from the social worker led assessment.\r\nWith a recondition of the Disabled persons rights the Direct Payments Scheme also brought with it the responsibility of being an employer and with that obligation to contractual agreements. This could be seen as a potential barrier, but many disabled people have commented, â€Å"All the stress is worth having control of your own care” (Clark and Spafford (2002))\r\nIn conclusion we see how the change has resulted in a cultural change within the social services departments and further a shift away from the ethos of the social worker as the expert.\r\nThis is welcomed by Disability groups who have campaigned for the Direct Payments Scheme, but resented by those whose jobs it has affected with added w orkload and change in role.\r\nChange is a natural occurrence and almost would argue inevitable to human evaluation, it is about recognising where sociality shortfalls are and actively seeking to rectify them.\r\nAs with a majority of pieces of legislation they are based on social justice principles, but interpretation results in oppression and discrimination\r\n'