Chapter 30 The Pensieve

The door of the office opened. â€Å"Hello, Potter,† said Moody. â€Å"Come in, then.† Harry walked inside. He had been inside Dumbledore's office once before; it was a very beautiful, circular room, lined with pictures of previous headmasters and headmistresses of Hogwarts, all of whom were fast asleep, their chests rising and falling gently. Cornelius Fudge was standing beside Dumbledore's desk, wearing his usual pinstriped cloak and holding his lime-green bowler hat. â€Å"Harry!† said Fudge jovially, moving forward. â€Å"How are you?† â€Å"Fine,† Harry lied. â€Å"We were just talking about the night when Mr. Crouch turned up on the grounds,† said Fudge. â€Å"It was you who found him, was it not?† â€Å"Yes,† said Harry. Then, feeling it was pointless to pretend that he hadn't overheard what they had been saying, he added, â€Å"I didn't see Madame Maxime anywhere, though, and she'd have a job hiding, wouldn't she?† Dumbledore smiled at Harry behind Fudge's back, his eyes twinkling. â€Å"Yes, well,† said Fudge, looking embarrassed, â€Å"we're about to go for a short walk on the grounds, Harry, if you'll excuse us†¦perhaps if you just go back to your class -â€Å" â€Å"I wanted to talk to you. Professor,† Harry said quickly, looking at Dumbledore, who gave him a swift, searching look. â€Å"Wait here for me, Harry,† he said. â€Å"Our examination of the grounds will not take long.† They trooped out in silence past him and closed the door. After a minute or so, Harry heard the clunks of Moody's wooden leg growing fainter in the corridor below. He looked around. â€Å"Hello, Fawkes,† he said. Fawkes, Professor Dumbledore's phoenix, was standing on his golden perch beside the door. The size of a swan, with magnificent scarlet-and-gold plumage, he swished his long tail and blinked benignly at Harry. Harry sat down in a chair in front of Dumbledore's desk. For several minutes, he sat and watched the old headmasters and headmistresses snoozing in their frames, thinking about what he had just heard, and running his fingers over his scar. It had stopped hurting now. He felt much calmer, somehow, now that he was in Dumbledore's office, knowing he would shortly be telling him about the dream. Harry looked up at the walls behind the desk. The patched and ragged Sorting Hat was standing on a shelf. A glass case next to it held a magnificent silver sword with large rubies set into the hilt, which Harry recognized as the one he himself had pulled out of the Sorting Hat in his second year. The sword had once belonged to Godric Gryffindor, founder of Harry's House. He was gazing at it, remembering how it had come to his aid when he had thought all hope was lost, when he noticed a patch of silvery light, dancing and shimmering on the glass case. He looked around for the source of the light and saw a sliver of silver-white shining brightly from within a black cabinet behind him, whose door had not been closed properly. Harry hesitated, glanced at Fawkes, then got up, walked across the office, and pulled open the cabinet door. A shallow stone basin lay there, with odd carvings around the edge: runes and symbols that Harry did not recognize. The silvery light was coming from the basin's contents, which were like nothing Harry had ever seen before. He could not tell whether the substance was liquid or gas. It was a bright, whitish silver, and it was moving ceaselessly; the surface of it became ruffled like water beneath wind, and then, like clouds, separated and swirled smoothly. It looked like light made liquid – or like wind made solid – Harry couldn't make up his mind. He wanted to touch it, to find out what it felt like, but nearly four years' experience of the magical world told him that sticking his hand into a bowl full of some unknown substance was a very stupid thing to do. He therefore pulled his wand out of the inside of his robes, cast a nervous look around the office, looked back at the contents of the basin, and prodded them. The surface of the silvery stuff inside the basin began to swirl very fast. Harry bent closer, his head right inside the cabinet. The silvery substance had become transparent; it looked like glass. He looked down into it expecting to see the stone bottom of the basin – and saw instead an enormous room below the surface of the mysterious substance, a room into which he seemed to be looking through a circular window in the ceiling. The room was dimly lit; he thought it might even be underground, for there were no windows, merely torches in brackets such as the ones that illuminated the walls of Hogwarts. Lowering his face so that his nose was a mere inch away from the glassy substance, Harry saw that rows and rows of witches and wizards were seated around every wall on what seemed to be benches rising in levels. An empty chair stood in the very center of the room. There was something about the chair that gave Harry an ominous feeling. Chains encircled the arms of it, as though its occupants were usually tied to it. Where was this place? It surely wasn't Hogwarts; he had never seen a room like that here in the castle. Moreover, the crowd in the mysterious room at the bottom of the basin was comprised of adults, and Harry knew there were not nearly that many teachers at Hogwarts. They seemed, he thought, to be waiting for something; even though he could only see the tops of their hats, all of their faces seemed to be pointing in one direction, and none of them were talking to one another. The basin being circular, and the room he was observing square, Harry could not make out what was going on in the corners of it. He leaned even closer, tilting his head, trying to see†¦ The tip of his nose touched the strange substance into which he was staring. Dumbledore's office gave an almighty lurch – Harry was thrown forward and pitched headfirst into the substance inside the basin – But his head did not hit the stone bottom. He was falling through something icy-cold and black; it was like being sucked into a dark whirlpool – And suddenly, Harry found himself sitting on a bench at the end of the room inside the basin, a bench raised high above the others. He looked up at the high stone ceiling, expecting to see the circular window through which he had just been staring, but there was nothing there but dark, solid stone. Breathing hard and fast. Harry looked around him. Not one of the witches and wizards in the room (and there were at least two hundred of them) was looking at him. Not one of them seemed to have noticed that a fourteen-year-old boy had just dropped from the ceiling into their midst. Harry turned to the wizard next to him on the bench and uttered a loud cry of surprise that reverberated around the silent room. He was sitting right next to Albus Dumbledore. â€Å"Professor!† Harry said in a kind of strangled whisper. â€Å"I'm sorry – I didn't mean to – I was just looking at that basin in your cabinet – I – where are we?† But Dumbledore didn't move or speak. He ignored Harry completely. Like every other wizard on the benches, he was staring into the far corner of the room, where there was a door. Harry gazed, nonplussed, at Dumbledore, then around at the silently watchful crowd, then back at Dumbledore. And then it dawned on him†¦. Once before. Harry had found himself somewhere that nobody could see or hear him. That time, he had fallen through a page in an enchanted diary, right into somebody else's memory†¦and unless he was very much mistaken, something of the sort had happened again†¦ Harry raised his right hand, hesitated, and then waved it energetically in from of Dumbledore's face. Dumbledore did not blink, look around at Harry, or indeed move at all. And that, in Harry's opinion, settled the matter. Dumbledore wouldn't ignore him like that. He was inside a memory, and this was not the present-day Dumbledore. Yet it couldn't be that long ago†¦the Dumbledore sitting next to him now was silver-haired, just like the present-day Dumbledore. But what was this place? What were all these wizards waiting for? Harry looked around more carefully. The room, as he had suspected when observing it from above, was almost certainly underground – more of a dungeon than a room, he thought. There was a bleak and forbidding air about the place; there were no pictures on the walls, no decorations at all; just these serried rows of benches, rising in levels all around the room, all positioned so that they had a clear view of that chair with the chains on its arms. Before Harry could reach any conclusions about the place in which they were, he heard footsteps. The door in the corner of the dungeon opened and three people entered – or at least one man, flanked by two dementors. Harry's insides went cold. The dementors – tall, hooded creatures whose faces were concealed – were gliding slowly toward the chair in the center of the room, each grasping one of the man's arms with their dead and rotten-looking hands. The man between them looked as though he was about to faint, and Harry couldn't blame him†¦he knew the dementors could not touch him inside a memory, but he remembered their power only too well. The watching crowd recoiled slightly as the dementors placed the man in the chained chair and glided back out of the room. The door swung shut behind them. Harry looked down at the man now sitting in the chair and saw that it was Karkaroff. Unlike Dumbledore, Karkaroff looked much younger; his hair and goatee were black. He was not dressed in sleek furs, but in thin and ragged robes. He was shaking. Even as Harry watched, the chains on the arms of the chair glowed suddenly gold and snaked their way up Karkaroff's arms, binding him there. â€Å"Igor Karkaroff,† said a curt voice to Harry's left. Harry looked around and saw Mr. Crouch standing up in the middle of the bench beside him. Crouch's hair was dark, his face was much less lined, he looked fit and alert. â€Å"You have been brought from Azkaban to present evidence to the Ministry of Magic. You have given us to understand that you have important information for us.† Karkaroff straightened himself as best he could, tightly bound to the chair. â€Å"I have, sir,† he said, and although his voice was very scared, Harry could still hear the familiar unctuous note in it. â€Å"I wish to be of use to the Ministry. I wish to help. I – I know that the Ministry is trying to – to round up the last of the Dark Lords supporters. I am eager to assist in any way I can†¦.† There was a murmur around the benches. Some of the wizards and witches were surveying Karkaroff with interest, others with pronounced mistrust. Then Harry heard, quite distinctly, from Dumbledores other side, a familiar, growling voice saying, â€Å"Filth.† Harry leaned forward so that he could see past Dumbledore. Mad-Eye Moody was sitting there – except that there was a very noticeable difference in his appearance. He did not have his magical eye, but two normal ones. Both were looking down upon Karkaroff, and both were narrowed in intense dislike. â€Å"Crouch is going to let him out,† Moody breathed quietly to Dumbledore. â€Å"He's done a deal with him. Took me six months to track him down, and Crouch is going to let him go if he's got enough new names. Let's hear his information, I say, and throw him straight back to the dementors.† Dumbledore made a small noise of dissent through his long, crooked nose. â€Å"Ah, I was forgetting†¦you don't like the dementors, do you, Albus?† said Moody with a sardonic smile. â€Å"No,† said Dumbledore calmly, â€Å"I'm afraid I don't. I have long felt the Ministry is wrong to ally itself with such creatures.† â€Å"But for filth like this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Moody said softly. â€Å"You say you have names for us, Karkaroff,† said Mr. Crouch. â€Å"Let us hear them, please.† â€Å"You must understand,† said Karkaroff hurriedly, â€Å"that He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named operated always in the greatest secrecy†¦.He preferred that we – I mean to say, his supporters – and I regret now, very deeply, that I ever counted myself among them -â€Å" â€Å"Get on with it,† sneered Moody. â€Å"- we never knew the names of every one of our fellows – He alone knew exactly who we all were -â€Å" â€Å"Which was a wise move, wasn't it, as it prevented someone like you, Karkaroff, from turning all of them in,† muttered Moody. â€Å"Yet you say you have some names for us?† said Mr. Crouch. â€Å"I – I do,† said Karkaroff breathlessly. â€Å"And these were important supporters, mark you. People I saw with my own eyes doing his bidding. I give this information as a sign that I fully and totally renounce him, and am filled with a remorse so deep I can barely -â€Å" â€Å"These names are?† said Mr. Crouch sharply. Karkaroff drew a deep breath. â€Å"There was Antonin Dolohov,† he said. â€Å"I – I saw him torture countless Muggles and – and non-supporters of the Dark Lord.† â€Å"And helped him do it,† murmured Moody. â€Å"We have already apprehended Dolohov,† said Crouch. â€Å"He was caught shortly after yourself.† â€Å"Indeed?† said Karkaroff, his eyes widening. â€Å"I – I am delighted to hear it!† But he didn't look it. Harry could tell that this news had come as a real blow to him. One of his names was worthless. â€Å"Any others?† said Crouch coldly. â€Å"Why, yes†¦there was Rosier,† said Karkaroff hurriedly. â€Å"Evan Rosier.† â€Å"Rosier is dead,† said Crouch. â€Å"He was caught shortly after you were too. He preferred to fight rather than come quietly and was killed in the struggle.† â€Å"Took a bit of me with him, though,† whispered Moody to Harry's right. Harry looked around at him once more, and saw him indicating the large chunk out of his nose to Dumbledore. â€Å"No – no more than Rosier deserved!† said Karkaroff, a real note of panic in his voice now. Harry could see that he was starting to worry that none of his information would be of any use to the Ministry. Karkaroff's eyes darted toward the door in the corner, behind which the dementors undoubtedly still stood, waiting. â€Å"Any more?† said Crouch. â€Å"Yes!† said Karkaroff. â€Å"There was Travers – he helped murder the McKinnons! Mulciber – he specialized in the Imperius Curse, forced countless people to do horrific things! Rookwood, who was a spy, and passed He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named useful information from inside the Ministry itself!† Harry could tell that, this time, Karkaroff had struck gold. The watching crowd was all murmuring together. â€Å"Rookwood?† said Mr. Crouch, nodding to a witch sitting in front of him, who began scribbling upon her piece of parchment. â€Å"Augustus Rookwood of the Department of Mysteries?† â€Å"The very same,† said Karkaroff eagerly. â€Å"I believe he used a network of well-placed wizards, both inside the Ministry and out, to collect information -â€Å" â€Å"But Travers and Mulciber we have,† said Mr. Crouch. â€Å"Very well, Karkaroff, if that is all, you will be returned to Azkaban while we decide -â€Å" â€Å"Not yet!† cried Karkaroff, looking quite desperate. â€Å"Wait, I have more!† Harry could see him sweating in the torchlight, his white skin contrasting strongly with the black of his hair and beard. â€Å"Snape!† he shouted. â€Å"Severus Snape!† â€Å"Snape has been cleared by this council,† said Crouch disdainfully. â€Å"He has been vouched for by Albus Dumbledore.† â€Å"No!† shouted Karkaroff, straining at the chains that bound him to the chair. â€Å"I assure you! Severus Snape is a Death Eater!† Dumbledore had gotten to his feet. â€Å"I have given evidence already on this matter,† he said calmly. â€Å"Severus Snape was indeed a Death Eater. However, he rejoined our side before Lord Voldemort's downfall and turned spy for us, at great personal risk. He is now no more a Death Eater than I am.† Harry turned to look at Mad-Eye Moody. He was wearing a look of deep skepticism behind Dumbledore's back. â€Å"Very well, Karkaroff,† Crouch said coldly, â€Å"you have been of assistance. I shall review your case. You will return to Azkaban in the meantime†¦.† Mr. Crouch's voice faded. Harry looked around; the dungeon was dissolving as though it were made of smoke; everything was fading; he could see only his own body – all else was swirling darkness†¦. And then, the dungeon returned. Harry was sitting in a different seat, still on the highest bench, but now to the left side of Mr. Crouch. The atmosphere seemed quite different: relaxed, even cheerful. The witches and wizards all around the walls were talking to one another, almost as though they were at some sort of sporting event. Harry noticed a witch halfway up the rows of benches opposite. She had short blonde hair, was wearing magenta robes, and was sucking the end of an acid-green quill. It was, unmistakably, a younger Rita Skeeter. Harry looked around; Dumbledore was sitting beside him again, wearing different robes. Mr. Crouch looked more tired and somehow fiercer, gaunter†¦.Harry understood. It was a different memory, a different day†¦a different trial. The door in the corner opened, and Ludo Bagman walked into the room. This was not, however, a Ludo Bagman gone to seed, but a Ludo Bagman who was clearly at the height of his Quidditch-playing fitness. His nose wasn't broken now; he was tall and lean and muscular. Bagman looked nervous as he sat down in the chained chair, but it did not bind him there as it had bound Karkaroff, and Bagman, perhaps taking heart from this, glanced around at the watching crowd, waved at a couple of them, and managed a small smile. â€Å"Ludo Bagman, you have been brought here in front of the Council of Magical Law to answer charges relating to the activities of the Death Eaters,† said Mr. Crouch. â€Å"We have heard the evidence against you, and are about to reach our verdict. Do you have anything to add to your testimony before we pronounce judgment?† Harry couldn't believe his ears. Ludo Bagman, a Death Eater? â€Å"Only,† said Bagman, smiling awkwardly, â€Å"well – I know I've been a bit of an idiot -â€Å" One or two wizards and witches in the surrounding seats smiled indulgently. Mr. Crouch did not appear to share their feelings. He was staring down at Ludo Bagman with an expression of the utmost severity and dislike. â€Å"You never spoke a truer word, boy,† someone muttered dryly to Dumbledore behind Harry. He looked around and saw Moody sitting there again. â€Å"If I didn't know he'd always been dim, I'd have said some of those Bludgers had permanently affected his brain†¦.† â€Å"Ludovic Bagman, you were caught passing information to Lord Voldemort's supporters,† said Mr. Crouch. â€Å"For this, I suggest a term of imprisonment in Azkaban lasting no less than -â€Å" But there was an angry outcry from the surrounding benches. Several of the witches and wizards around the walls stood up, shaking their heads, and even their fists, at Mr. Crouch. â€Å"But I've told you, I had no idea!† Bagman called earnestly over the crowd's babble, his round blue eyes widening. â€Å"None at all! Old Rookwood was a friend of my dad's†¦never crossed my mind he was in with You-Know-Who! I thought I was collecting information for our side! And Rookwood kept talking about getting me a job in the Ministry later on†¦once my Quidditch days are over, you know†¦I mean, I can't keep getting hit by Bludgers for the rest of my life, can I?† There were titters from the crowd. â€Å"It will be put to the vote,† said Mr. Crouch coldly. He turned to the right-hand side of the dungeon. â€Å"The jury will please raise their hands†¦those in favor of imprisonment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry looked toward the right-hand side of the dungeon. Not one person raised their hand. Many of the witches and wizards around the walls began to clap. One of the witches on the jury stood up. â€Å"Yes?† barked Crouch. â€Å"We'd just like to congratulate Mr. Bagman on his splendid performance for England in the Quidditch match against Turkey last Saturday,† the witch said breathlessly. Mr. Crouch looked furious. The dungeon was ringing with applause now. Bagman got to his feet and bowed, beaming. â€Å"Despicable,† Mr. Crouch spat at Dumbledore, sitting down as Bagman walked out of the dungeon. â€Å"Rookwood get him a job indeed†¦.The day Ludo Bagman joins us will be a sad day indeed for the Ministry†¦.† And the dungeon dissolved again. When it had returned, Harry looked around. He and Dumbledore were still sitting beside Mr. Crouch, but the atmosphere could not have been more different. There was total silence, broken only by the dry sobs of a frail, wispy-looking witch in the seat next to Mr. Crouch. She was clutching a handkerchief to her mouth with trembling hands. Harry looked up at Crouch and saw that he looked gaunter and grayer than ever before. A nerve was twitching in his temple. â€Å"Bring them in,† he said, and his voice echoed through the silent dungeon. The door in the corner opened yet again. Six dementors entered this time, flanking a group of four people. Harry saw the people in the crowd turn to look up at Mr. Crouch. A few of them whispered to one another. The dementors placed each of the four people in the four chairs with chained arms that now stood on the dungeon floor. There was a thickset man who stared blankly up at Crouch; a thinner and more nervous-looking man, whose eyes were darting around the crowd; a woman with thick, shining dark hair and heavily hooded eyes, who was sitting in the chained chair as though it were a throne; and a boy in his late teens, who looked nothing short of petrified. He was shivering, his straw-colored hair all over his face, his freckled skin milk-white. The wispy little witch beside Crouch began to rock backward and forward in her seat, whimpering into her handkerchief. Crouch stood up. He looked down upon the four in front of him, and there was pure hatred in his face. â€Å"You have been brought here before the Council of Magical Law,† he said clearly, â€Å"so that we may pass judgment on you, for a crime so heinous -â€Å" â€Å"Father,† said the boy with the straw-colored hair. â€Å"Father†¦please†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"- that we have rarely heard the like of it within this court,† said Crouch, speaking more loudly, drowning out his son's voice. â€Å"We have heard the evidence against you. The four of you stand accused of capturing an Auror – Frank Longbottom – and subjecting him to the Cruciatus Curse, believing him to have knowledge of the present whereabouts of your exiled master, He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named -â€Å" â€Å"Father, I didn't!† shrieked the boy in chains below. â€Å"I didn't, I swear it. Father, don't send me back to the dementors -â€Å" â€Å"You are further accused,† bellowed Mr. Crouch, â€Å"of using the Cruciatus Curse on Frank Longbottom's wife, when he would not give you information. You planned to restore He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named to power, and to resume the lives of violence you presumably led while he was strong. I now ask the jury -â€Å" â€Å"Mother!† screamed the boy below, and the wispy little witch beside Crouch began to sob, rocking backward and forward. â€Å"Mother, stop him. Mother, I didn't do it, it wasn't me!† â€Å"I now ask the jury,† shouted Mr. Crouch, â€Å"to raise their hands if they believe, as I do, that these crimes deserve a life sentence in Azkaban!† In unison, the witches and wizards along the right-hand side of the dungeon raised their hands. The crowd around the walls began to clap as it had for Bagman, their faces full of savage triumph. The boy began to scream. â€Å"No! Mother, no! I didn't do it, I didn't do it, I didn't know! Don't send me there, don't let him!† The dementors were gliding back into the room. The boys' three companions rose quietly from their seats; the woman with the heavy-lidded eyes looked up at Crouch and called, â€Å"The Dark Lord will rise again, Crouch! Throw us into Azkaban; we will wait! He will rise again and will come for us, he will reward us beyond any of his other supporters! We alone were faithful! We alone tried to find him!† But the boy was trying to fight off the dementors, even though Harry could see their cold, draining power starting to affect him. The crowd was jeering, some of them on their feet, as the woman swept out of the dungeon, and the boy continued to struggle. â€Å"I'm your son!† he screamed up at Crouch. â€Å"I'm your son!† â€Å"You are no son of mine!† bellowed Mr. Crouch, his eyes bulging suddenly. â€Å"I have no son!† The wispy witch beside him gave a great gasp and slumped in her seat. She had fainted. Crouch appeared not to have noticed. â€Å"Take them away!† Crouch roared at the dementors, spit flying from his mouth. â€Å"Take them away, and may they rot there!† â€Å"Father! Father, I wasn't involved! No! No! Father, please!† â€Å"I think. Harry, it is time to return to my office,† said a quiet voice in Harry's ear. Harry started. He looked around. Then he looked on his other side. There was an Albus Dumbledore sitting on his right, watching Crouch's son being dragged away by the dementors – and there was an Albus Dumbledore on his left, looking right at him. â€Å"Come,† said the Dumbledore on his left, and he put his hand under Harry's elbow. Harry felt himself rising into the air; the dungeon dissolved around him; for a moment, all was blackness, and then he felt as though he had done a slow-motion somersault, suddenly landing flat on his feet, in what seemed like the dazzling light of Dumbledore's sunlit office. The stone basin was shimmering in the cabinet in front of him, and Albus Dumbledore was standing beside him. â€Å"Professor,† Harry gasped, â€Å"I know I shouldn't've – I didn't mean – the cabinet door was sort of open and -â€Å" â€Å"I quite understand,† said Dumbledore. He lifted the basin, carried it over to his desk, placed it upon the polished top, and sat down in the chair behind it. He motioned for Harry to sit down opposite him. Harry did so, staring at the stone basin. The contents had returned to their original, silvery-white state, swirling and rippling beneath his gaze. â€Å"What is it?† Harry asked shakily. â€Å"This? It is called a Pensieve,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"I sometimes find, and I am sure you know the feeling, that I simply have too many thoughts and memories crammed into my mind.† â€Å"Er,† said Harry, who couldn't truthfully say that he had ever felt anything of the sort. â€Å"At these times,† said Dumbledore, indicating the stone basin, â€Å"I use the Pensieve. One simply siphons the excess thoughts from one's mind, pours them into the basin, and examines them at one's leisure. It becomes easier to spot patterns and links, you understand, when they are in this form.† â€Å"You mean†¦that stuff's your thoughts?† Harry said, staring at the swirling white substance in the basin. â€Å"Certainly,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"Let me show you.† Dumbledore drew his wand out of the inside of his robes and placed the tip into his own silvery hair, near his temple. When he took the wand away, hair seemed to be clinging to it – but then Harry saw that it was in fact a glistening strand of the same strange silvery-white substance that filled the Pensieve. Dumbledore added this fresh thought to the basin, and Harry, astonished, saw his own face swimming around the surface of the bowl. Dumbledore placed his long hands on either side of the Pensieve and swirled it, rather as a gold prospector would pan for fragments of gold†¦.and Harry saw his own face change smoothly into Snape's, who opened his mouth and spoke to the ceiling, his voice echoing slightly. â€Å"It's coming back†¦Karkaroff's too†¦stronger and clearer than ever†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"A connection I could have made without assistance,† Dumbledore sighed, â€Å"but never mind.† He peered over the top of his half-moon spectacles at Harry, who was gaping at Snape's face, which was continuing to swirl around the bowl. â€Å"I was using the Pensieve when Mr. Fudge arrived for our meeting and put it away rather hastily. Undoubtedly I did not fasten the cabinet door properly. Naturally, it would have attracted your attention.† â€Å"I'm sorry,† Harry mumbled. Dumbledore shook his head. â€Å"Curiosity is not a sin,† he said. â€Å"But we should exercise caution with our curiosity†¦yes, indeed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Frowning slightly, he prodded the thoughts within the basin with the tip of his wand. Instantly, a figure rose out of it, a plump, scowling girl of about sixteen, who began to revolve slowly, with her feet still in the basin. She took no notice whatsoever of Harry or Professor Dumbledore. When she spoke, her voice echoed as Snape's had done, as though it were coming from the depths of the stone basin. â€Å"He put a hex on me, Professor Dumbledore, and I was only teasing him, sir, I only said I'd seen him kissing Florence behind the greenhouses last Thursday†¦.† â€Å"But why. Bertha,† said Dumbledore sadly, looking up at the now silently revolving girl, â€Å"why did you have to follow him in the first place?† â€Å"Bertha?† Harry whispered, looking up at her. â€Å"Is that – was that Bertha Jorkins?† â€Å"Yes,† said Dumbledore, prodding the thoughts in the basin again; Bertha sank back into them, and they became silvery and opaque once more. â€Å"That was Bertha as I remember her at school.† The silvery light from the Pensieve illuminated Dumbledore's face, and it struck Harry suddenly how very old he was looking. He knew, of course, that Dumbledore was getting on in years, but somehow he never really thought of Dumbledore as an old man. â€Å"So, Harry,† said Dumbledore quietly. â€Å"Before you got lost in my thoughts, you wanted to tell me something.† â€Å"Yes,† said Harry. â€Å"Professor – I was in Divination just now, and – er – I fell asleep.† He hesitated here, wondering if a reprimand was coming, but Dumbledore merely said, â€Å"Quite understandable. Continue.† â€Å"Well, I had a dream,† said Harry. â€Å"A dream about Lord Voldemort. He was torturing Wormtail†¦you know who Wormtail-â€Å" â€Å"I do know,† said Dumbledore promptly. â€Å"Please continue.† â€Å"Voldemort got a letter from an owl. He said something like, Wormtail's blunder had been repaired. He said someone was dead. Then he said, Wormtail wouldn't be fed to the snake – there was a snake beside his chair. He said – he said he'd be feeding me to it, instead. Then he did the Cruciatus Curse on Wormtail – and my scar hurt,† Harry said. â€Å"It woke me up, it hurt so badly.† Dumbledore merely looked at him. â€Å"Er – that's all,† said Harry. â€Å"I see,† said Dumbledore quietly. â€Å"I see. Now, has your scar hurt at any other time this year, excepting the time it woke you up over the summer?† â€Å"No, I – how did you know it woke me up over the summer?† said Harry, astonished. â€Å"You are not Sirius's only correspondent,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"I have also been in contact with him ever since he left Hogwarts last year. It was I who suggested the mountainside cave as the safest place for him to stay.† Dumbledore got up and began walking up and down behind his desk. Every now and then, he placed his wand tip to his temple, removed another shining silver thought, and added it to the Pensieve. The thoughts inside began to swirl so fast that Harry couldn't make out anything clearly: It was merely a blur of color. â€Å"Professor?† he said quietly, after a couple of minutes. Dumbledore stopped pacing and looked at Harry. â€Å"My apologies,† he said quietly. He sat back down at his desk. â€Å"D'you – d'you know why my scar's hurting me?† Dumbledore looked very intently at Harry for a moment, and then said, â€Å"I have a theory, no more than that†¦.It is my belief that your scar hurts both when Lord Voldemort is near you, and when he is feeling a particularly strong surge of hatred.† â€Å"But†¦why?† â€Å"Because you and he are connected by the curse that failed,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"That is no ordinary scar.† â€Å"So you think†¦that dream†¦did it really happen?† â€Å"It is possible,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"I would say – probable. Harry – did you see Voldemort?† â€Å"No,† said Harry. â€Å"Just the back of his chair. But – there wouldn't have been anything to see, would there? I mean, he hasn't got a body, has he? But†¦but then how could he have held the wand?† Harry said slowly. â€Å"How indeed?† muttered Dumbledore. â€Å"How indeed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Neither Dumbledore nor Harry spoke for a while. Dumbledore was gazing across the room, and, every now and then, placing his wand tip to his temple and adding another shining silver thought to the seething mass within the Pensieve. â€Å"Professor,† Harry said at last, â€Å"do you think he's getting stronger?† â€Å"Voldemort?† said Dumbledore, looking at Harry over the Pensieve. It was the characteristic, piercing look Dumbledore had given him on other occasions, and always made Harry feel as though Dumbledore were seeing right through him in a way that even Moody's magical eye could not. â€Å"Once again. Harry, I can only give you my suspicions.† Dumbledore sighed again, and he looked older, and wearier, than ever. â€Å"The years of Voldemort's ascent to power,† he said, â€Å"were marked with disappearances. Bertha Jorkins has vanished without a trace in the place where Voldemort was certainly known to be last. Mr. Crouch too has disappeared†¦within these very grounds. And there was a third disappearance, one which the Ministry, I regret to say, do not consider of any importance, for it concerns a Muggle. His name was Frank Bryce, he lived in the village where Voldemort's father grew up, and he has not been seen since last August. You see, I read the Muggle newspapers, unlike most of my Ministry friends.† Dumbledore looked very seriously at Harry. â€Å"These disappearances seem to me to be linked. The Ministry disagrees – as you may have heard, while waiting outside my office.† Harry nodded. Silence fell between them again, Dumbledore extracting thoughts every now and then. Harry felt as though he ought to go, but his curiosity held him in his chair. â€Å"Professor?† he said again. â€Å"Yes, Harry?† said Dumbledore. â€Å"Er†¦could I ask you about†¦that court thing I was in†¦in the Pensieve?† â€Å"You could,† said Dumbledore heavily. â€Å"I attended it many times, but some trials come back to me more clearly than others†¦particularly now†¦.† â€Å"You know – you know the trial you found me in? The one with Crouch's son? Well†¦.were they talking about Neville's parents?† Dumbledore gave Harry a very sharp look. † Has Neville never told you why he has been brought up by his grandmother?† he said. Harry shook his head, wondering, as he did so, how he could have failed to ask Neville this, in almost four years of knowing him. â€Å"Yes, they were talking about Neville's parents,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"His father, Frank, was an Auror just like Professor Moody. He and his wife were tortured for information about Voldemort's whereabouts after he lost his powers, as you heard.† â€Å"So they're dead?† said Harry quietly. â€Å"No,† said Dumbledore, his voice full of a bitterness Harry had never heard there before. â€Å"They are insane. They are both in St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries. I believe Neville visits them, with his grandmother, during the holidays. They do not recognize him.† Harry sat there, horror-struck. He had never known†¦never, in four years, bothered to find out†¦ â€Å"The Longbottoms were very popular,† said Dumbledore. â€Å"The attacks on them came after Voldemort's fall from power, just when everyone thought they were safe. Those attacks caused a wave of fury such as I have never known. The Ministry was under great pressure to catch those who had done it. Unfortunately, the Longbottoms' evidence was – given their condition – none too reliable.† â€Å"Then Mr. Crouch's son might not have been involved?† said Harry slowly. Dumbledore shook his head. â€Å"As to that, I have no idea.† Harry sat in silence once more, watching the contents of the Pensieve swirl. There were two more questions he was burning to ask†¦but they concerned the guilt of living people†¦. â€Å"Er,† he said, â€Å"Mr. Bagman†¦.† â€Å"†¦has never been accused of any Dark activity since,† said Dumbledore calmly. â€Å"Right,† said Harry hastily, staring at the contents of the Pensieve again, which were swirling more slowly now that Dumbledore had stopped adding thoughts. â€Å"And†¦er†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But the Pensieve seemed to be asking his question for him. Snape's face was swimming on the surface again. Dumbledore glanced down into it, and then up at Harry. â€Å"No more has Professor Snape,† he said. Harry looked into Dumbledore's light blue eyes, and the thing he really wanted to know spilled out of his mouth before he could stop it. â€Å"What made you think he'd really stopped supporting Voldemort, Professor?† Dumbledore held Harry's gaze for a few seconds, and then said, â€Å"That, Harry, is a matter between Professor Snape and myself.† Harry knew that the interview was over; Dumbledore did not look angry, yet there was a finality in his tone that told Harry it was time to go. He stood up, and so did Dumbledore. â€Å"Harry,† he said as Harry reached the door. â€Å"Please do not speak about Neville's parents to anybody else. He has the right to let people know, when he is ready.† â€Å"Yes, Professor,† said Harry, turning to go. â€Å"And-â€Å" Harry looked back. Dumbledore was standing over the Pensieve, his face lit from beneath by its silvery spots of light, looking older than ever. He stared at Harry for a moment, and then said, â€Å"Good luck with the third task.†

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Choose any of the activities on the website. What did you learn by completing the activity? Based on the information provided, why do we still live in a largely segregated country? What do you think about the state of race relations in our country today? I learned that appearance doesn't always tell you about someone's ancestry or self- Identity. Most people base a person's race off of the way they look and In most cases they are wrong because they don't know exactly what race they are by Just looking at them.In the human diversity quiz I was shocked to find out that fruit flies have the most genetic variation. In the split Identity part they mentioned that black women have the highest chance of being strip-searched out of all US citizens. That amazed me because I would think black women would get treated the same as a white women while getting searched In public. I feel Like people still live In a largely segregated country because people allow It to soul be segregated. Most people still group others by race, class, and choices they make in life.I don't think it's segregated cause it's supposed to be its just that way because people make it that way by following one another and doing as others do by separating others from themselves based on characteristics. I hate when I fill out applications for certain things and seeing the check box for race. I think that things should be based off a persons as a whole not the color or race that they are. I think that right there leads people to think that others still need to be segregated and put into groups based on color and race. People at the end of the day are Just people and that's how it should be looked at.

Carole Satymurtis

Carole Satymurtis Essay Carole Satyamurti , a poet and sociologist cleverly weaved the plight of ordinary women in I Shall Paint my Nails Red : women who are seen as a mere background of the society- neglected and lost in the mundane of her existence . While it is easy to discern that I Shall Paint my Nails is nothing but the showcasing of a womans vanity seeking attention, a closer look at the poem would reveal a deeper and multi-layered analysis of women. In essence, Carole Satyamurtis I Shall Paint my Nails Red was able to show the different roles and interpretations of women of herself, to her daughter , to her lover , the society and to life- that painting her nails red symbolizes a departure from her customary role in to show an intelligent , interesting and valuable person capable of so much more than her ordinary routines . It is a declaration of a womans importance The color red is interpreted in poetry as a figure of speech for passion , anger and strong emotions . In this light, Satyamurti used this color to depict a seemingly humorous and trivial poem into one that speaks of a womans importance. In the first line because a bit of color is a public service (line 1 Satyamurti departs from the convention that public service is about service , the economy and production . Essentially, the poem recognizes that it is not only men who are components of production and economics that can perform public service but also women who provide not only entertainment but beauty and compassion . This is affirmed in her second line when Satyamurti declared that because i am proud of my hands (line 2 connoting that her hands that are used to do household chores are also important . By painting it red , Satyamurti calls attention to the role of women in the society and in the family- that while they are not being paid for work they do every day of their lives , it should not be neglected . Thus, being proud of one s hands and putting a red paint on it declares that the woman is aware of her economic and sociological role and significance On the other hand , the third and fourth lines of the poem points to the theme of strength and empowerment in women . In the line because it will remind me I m a woman (line 3 and because I will look like a survivor the woman is declaring that being a woman means being brave and strong . Thus, by re-affirming her gender identity , the person in the poem is also recognizing that women in general possess strength of characters . Furthermore , because the color red symbolizes intense emotions , it evokes attention thereby , reminding us that women are not ordinary Carole Satymurtis I Shall Paint my Nails Red is a wonderful poem which I found myself closely relating to. I feel that in this poem she reflects many sides of a womans life. It may be understood to have two separate messages, the direct and the hidden message. Satymurti does this through showing both the complexity of a womans life, and the simplicity that also exists within.  At first glance, I Shall Paint My Nails Red gives a more obvious and direct amusing message in which she states different reasons why she would paint her nails red. Each line puts the reader in a different situation which may even be applied to our own daily lives. Satymurti does this by using every day examples and using them to suggest often absurd reasons for her to paint her nails red, adding a bit of comedy throughout the poem. Underlying each idea, however, Satymurti implies a deeper message about women and the many roles that they play in society, and the way that they view themselves. READ: Modern reality play EssayThe first idea Satymurti suggests in the poem is, Because a bit of colour is public service. Here, she is implying that in painting her nails red she is in fact doing others a favor. This line makes me think of a woman loading her groceries onto the cash register before paying, showing off her bright red nails and provoking a smile on the cashiers face. She seems to believe that anywhere she were to go with these red nails, the world would see them and appreciate them. Underlying this main idea however, I feel that Satymurti is trying to portray the fact that women are constantly fulfilling others needs. As mothers, wives, lovers, and even working women in society, women often feel that we must make everyone around us happy. The following line states, Because I am proud of my hands. This idea suggests that she feels she is beautiful and is proud to show that off. However, the line may also mean that she is tough and is proud of her own hard work, as hands are often related to manual labor and work. Although not so common at the time the poem was written, today this woman may be portrayed as even a single mother (As she later talks about a daughter, and even a lover, but no husband) trying hard to take care of her family, working to raise them and provide for them. Despite her hard work, this woman is still woman and lacks the rough hands of a man. She paints her nails like every other woman, and is proud of her hands for all the work they have accomplished her. The line that follows, Because it will remind me Im a woman refers back to the line preceding it. Here one may first simply think that by looking down at her hands and nails she will, again, feel beautiful and feel and remember that she is a woman. Looking past that simple first glance, this line goes back to a womans hard work and the tasks that she must accomplish every day with her responsibilities. In all the everyday stress, a woman often forgets that she is also beautiful and that she is a woman. Despite all her hard work, she is still delicate and most importantly, she must still take care of herself.

Women's Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women's Rights - Essay Example The considerable distinctness in how women are treated differently when comparing the West and the East is rather alarming and perhaps the most incredulous part of all is how few people across the world actually seem to realize it. Over the past few decades, women's rights have changed dramatically, regarding issues ranging from their participation in the work force to how they are treated as a human being. Although this change may seem altogether positive, the actuality of it differs from different parts of the world. When comparing the Eastern and Western culture in reference to women, there are many things to consider, all of which can be understood more clearly by addressing the following questions: When discussing how women are treated differently in Middle East countries compared to the Western culture, the difference is quite extreme. In countries such as Canada and the United States, women are basically at the point where they can dress, speak and act however they please; whereas in a Middle Eastern country such as Iran or Iraq for example, a woman's actions and wardrobe are specifically laid out for her and expected to be followed. In the Middle East, women are seen as sources of seduction that are responsible for man's inability to resist them, and because they are considered to be the inferior sex, it is assumed to be their duty to control their sexuality. As Ayubi states, "it is believed that women must be hidden and separated from men so that the males are not overpowered by feminine sexual appeal." (p. 3). Due to this theory, there is a custom to which all women living in Middle East countries are expected to abide by - veiling. Veiling is a custom which involves the woman covering her entire body (including hair) except for the hands and face. It has become a symbol of female virtue and obedience to Allah - the Arabic name for God - and is a crucial part of the Islamic code which stresses sexual segregation. Spivey (n.d.) wrote that women are expected to dress this way due to the fact that women are merely "sexual beings who need to be controlled." Men and women are considered to be in two 'separate sphe res'; with men's role being in the 'public sphere', and women's in the 'private sphere'. Women veil themselves when they go outside, onto the street, or into shops, because they have entered the 'male sphere'. This way they are considered 'invisible' and show that they respect the men, and that they understand they are in man's domain. Middle Eastern society revolves primly around the concept of public morality. Honour and respect are of the utmost important in this type of society, and upholding this honour for the family is a vital responsibility. This is believed by some - mostly men - to be a reasonable explanation as to why women are expecte

Two Great Gothic Cathedrals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Two Great Gothic Cathedrals - Essay Example In history, everyday buildings have always been made of materials that are readily to hand. This is the principal characteristic of all vernacular architecture. In an area where stone is widely available, that becomes the usual building material; where it is not, or is too difficult to work, brick or timber buildings will be found. Where good clay exists tiled floors will be common elsewhere they will be made of stone flags. Where timber is widely available joinery sections will be lavish; where it is scarce and costly to import they will be mean. Comparing the two cathedrals, we see that they are made of the same materials: stone, mixed with brightly colored stained glass, each depicting a religious story or a time-line of Jesus' life in great detail. Moreover, the floor-plans are almost the same. Both the Chartres Cathedral and Saint Patrick's Cathedral are centrally planned, entered through a narthex, followed by a long nave, with side aisles, leading to the transept crossing, and then culminating into the apse, reminiscent of the shape of a cross.

Avenues to Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Avenues to Justice - Essay Example The term Victimisation derived from the notion of responsibility of a victim for the cause of crime. For example there is a school of thought that, in quite a lot of cases the victims are also partly responsible, like in case of theft from car where the driver keeps the door unlocked or in case of rape where the victim gives opportunity to the offender by visiting him alone etc. The public learns about crime from various sources, press being one of the very important one. One can learn about crimes from police records, crime survey and official statistics released by the Govt. They also release 'supplementary Statistics' where more detailed information on specific offences is given. Home office also releases 'Criminal Justice Digest', which gives summaries of the above statistics. They also release selected statistics in their website for Internet access. Home office also maintains 'Offender Index', which holds data on individuals convicted of serious crime. The compilation of data for the statistics to be made available is a very cumbersome process. It involves interaction of various agencies of the criminal justice systems including various police forces. ... The compilation of data for the statistics to be made available is a very cumbersome process. It involves interaction of various agencies of the criminal justice systems including various police forces. The department politics also can effect the compilation of data. Hence statistics can never be wholly accurate. Many offences like those recorded by agencies outside the home office are not recorded. As mentioned earlier, some offences gets diluted as they are perceived as lesser offences, and they are also not included. Offences like domestic violence, sexual offences, drug offences get omitted, as they are not readily detectable by the public or police. Offences like illegal gambling, drug abuse, pornography, prostitution etc. where there is no discernable victims, also gets omitted. It will be safe to assume that the official statistics reveals which crime public chose to report and the perception of the police of the seriousness of the crimes. (Word count 505) Pages 59-61, 75-79 (2) What are the aims of sentencing Is one more effective than any of the other The key element of a criminal justice process is sentencing. Hence first we need to find out the justification for sentencing: The sentencing will ensure that the offender is made to pay for his crime, it will give a sense of satisfaction to the victims, it will create faith in other possible victims and society in general on the law of the land, and create fear in the other possible offenders, which will in effect reduce crime and prevent private vengeance. Now what are the aims of sentencing As we see Sentencing has to address three sets of people: 1) Offender 2) Victim 3) General Public. Six Aims of sentencing is propagated in most

The state and international community counterterrorism response to Essay

The state and international community counterterrorism response to [insert terrorist group] - Essay Example Thus, it is an international threat to both the foreign and local governments that wage war on terror. This factor forces the United States, alongside the international community, to take measures of executing counters to these acts of terror. The countries constitute legal establishments and law enforcement strategies to continue the fight against terrorism. Al-Qaeda is a militant Islamism organisation founded under the stewardship and overview of Osama bin Laden and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam in the town of Peshawar, based in Pakistan. Its established dates back to the Soviet War in Afghanistan, between august 1988 and late 1989, with is objective of formulation being to assist defeat the Russians (Chaliand & Blin, 2007, p. 67). Over the years, Al Qaeda grew, and today it boasts of the status of a fully pledged multinational army that is stateless. Subsequent to the Soviet War in Afghanistan, the group dispersed; nonetheless, it continued to present its displeasure and opposition to what the leaders of the group considered corrupt and foreign Islamic regimes such as the presence of United Sates in Islamic lands. During its formation, the group had a base in Sudan, but eventually resettled in Afghanistan in 1990, under the patronage of the Taliban militia. The Al Qaeda group merged and established partnerships with several other militant Isla mist organizations after its reestablishment that held views and practices similar to its visions (Gerges, 2009, p. 98). Such organizations that it merged with include the Islamic Jihad and the Islamic group of Egypt and the leaders of the group then declared holy war against the United Sates and her allies. After forming partnerships, the Al-Qaida started establishing its camps throughout the world, recruiting Muslim people into the group and training as well as equipping them with skills for fighting and carrying out the terror

Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Cloning - Essay Example According to Sir Johns, cloning humans will be the same as making an identical twin which is just like copying what nature has already produced (Collins). This can be used to relieve suffering among people who have lost their loved kids. Research has shown that about 60 % of the people asked to express their views towards cloning are in favour of it. However, cloning has been criticised as a result of various reasons. For instance, the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy argues that cloning raises a wide range of moral and ethical issues. For instance, embryos are destroyed for stem cells and this is seen as a serious moral wrong. An embryo should be treated as a human being. Cloning is also labour intensive and it is very expensive to carryout and this is one of the main reasons why it is criticised by many people. It is feared that the rate of still births can increase if cloning is done on human beings since this reproductive process would be different from the natural way of foetus development in the womb. Critics of cloning also argue that identity and personality of cloned individuals will be compromised and this can affect their social growth and development. There is a general feeling that cloning undermines human dignity which is enshrined in different international conventions about human rights. In my own opinion, I think cloning should be banned since the off springs produced are not original in nature. For instance, research has shown that the off springs are not 100 % perfect so there are likely chances that they will be affected by different health complications. I also feel that cloning undermines the dignity of people in different societies. This contravenes the law of natural life where it can be argued that it is only God who can create human beings. Cloned species would not be original and this is the reason why I am also against the idea of cloning human beings

Apply The Prescribed Ethical Decimation Making Model (P.30 ) Useing Case Study

Apply The Prescribed Ethical Decimation Making Model (P.30 ) Useing The Article Port Hueneme Police chief resigns - Case Study Example As such, this paper is dedicated to evaluating the Ethical Decimation Making Model as discussed of this book. More so, the model will be compared to the actions taken by Port Hueneme Police chief through her resignation. As seen earlier, there are various hardships that a public administrator faces while on duty. Most of these challenges are ethical. Virtually, ethics are not simple and will often need one to evaluate the best alternative to balance them. In addition, ethics cannot be subdivided it is a continuous and process. Cooper revisits the peculiarity between principles, values, and codes of conduct among other in order to clearly show the continuity (Cooper, 2012). Moreover, the means through which organizations can be designed in order to support ethical conducts is very important. In addition, cooper revisits the reasons as to why people should be treated equally to acquire fairness and time at which should be treated unequally. In essence, there are various levels of ethical reflection these levels help the administrator to act in the best way possible. The expressive level that according to cooper is the realm of emotions that is characterized by frustrations, the level of ethical analysis, level of post ethical where the person ask s; why should I be moral. In this level the person has the fear of being caught, the conscience is demanding, and personal evaluation is at its highest levels. As presented in pg. 30 of the book it is very important when one is analyzing how ethics are applied by administrators. The model starts at the point where the administrator is faced with an ethical problem. The stage ethical problem will consequently force the administrator to reflect on the problem and equally define the ethical issues therein. This is the easiest part when solving ethical issues. However, it is not the end of the process. The administrator must therefore, identify what alternatives he/she has. Such alternatives

Trace evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trace evidence - Research Paper Example â€Å"He put the analysis of handwriting on a firmer footing, systematized the analysis of the dust in the clothes of suspects, invented a modified method of analyzing blood stains, and invented poroscopy, whereby the pores in the papillary ridges of fingerprints are used as a means of identification† (Stauffer, n.d.). The term â€Å"trace evidence† surfaced as three of Dr. Edmond Locard’s papers got published in the year 1930 in the American Journal of Police Science (forensics4fiction.com, 2012). According to Locard’s Exchange Principle, there occurs a transfer of material when two objects collide. The transferred trace evidence is used to assess relationships and connections among different objects, locations, and people. The significance of the trace evidence fundamentally depends upon the quality of detection in general, and the collection and preservation of the evidence in particular. The investigator must be able to understand the transfer of mater ial in order to interpret the analytical results. There has occurred a revolutionary change in the crime investigation techniques over the years. In the past, it was difficult to associate a hair found at the crime spot with a suspect because of the coating of conditioner upon it. The officers investigating a case of rape or murder looked for the traces of semen or blood, but lacked proper ways of collecting the evidence. However, new and improved detection techniques are reducing the complexity of crime investigation, thus enhancing the chances of success. Detecting the link between an object or an individual and the crime is often fundamental to the successful solution of the case. These links are conventionally developed by comparison of the trace evidence. Establishment of these links is made complicated by the similarity between the samples of trace evidence and the environments in which they are located. Four of the new techniques of trace evidence, which have

Computerized Enrollment System Essay Example for Free

Computerized Enrollment System Essay Improvement in computer world means the act of making new arrangement or style of doing work, activities, and processes efficiently, effectively and faster from the past, that brings convenient to the people. Improvement is an opportunity for every one and in any organizations, the researchers want to have a part in this improvement either it be great or small, if there’s opportunity to be a part of this improvement the researchers wants to grab this opportunity. In this present world, technology is growing faster specially computer technology, using this kind of technology, information can be view very fast as well as to make reports out of this records through printing. In a school, computerized schedule retrieval is a great help to students, faculty and staff in terms of retrieving schedules of a student, subjects, instructors, rooms, and specific section and use it for a specific purposes. Using this kind of system can contribute improvements to the school. Look more:Â  example of perseverance essay In making schedules manually, it will take a long process since the staff assigned to it should assure that there is no conflict of schedules between rooms and instructors. The personnel should assure that the instructor should have not exceeded to the maximum load. The personnel should also assure that the schedules of those students should be distributed in regular school days, for night classes schedules should be in night time, and for weekend classes schedules should be in weekend days. Because of this the personnel becomes tired and sometimes when the personnel reviews the schedules, conflict of schedules occur, and posting the new schedules of every room can’t be done. And in the side of the students, they get tired writing the subjects and schedules in the form during enrollment. And finding vacant rooms in a specific time takes a time, since someone should go around and look for a vacant room. The researchers were hoping to reduce the time spent in creating the schedules, without conflict schedules, to reduce the time spent in getting schedules during enrollment, to access easily the schedules of rooms to find vacancy. Background of the Study Creating and retrieving schedules is not an easy job. It requires patience and perseverance. Patience in assigning every subject to a specific instructor in specific rooms, assuring that every schedules of every subject should be distributed in regular days, the personnel assigned to do this job assures that in every regular days a students should have a scheduled subject. The personnel assures that there’s no conflict of schedules like having 2 classes in the same room and time and Instructor is handling two classes at the same time. Perseverance that even if the personnel were very tired, he/she still needs to review the schedules to assure that all schedules were complete and no conflict of schedule. Many students get tired in writing their schedules with the same information in 4 different forms in every semester and in irregular students they find it difficult to add a subject, assuring that the schedule of the subject will not be conflict to the subject that he/she has. When the instructor was trying to find a vacant room in a specific time the instructor needs to look for the posted schedule in every room to find a vacant room and it takes time and energy finding for vacant room in the entire building. And sometimes because there’s not enough time new schedule of every room will not be posted. Because of these problems the system will hopefully give a solution for these problems.

Descriptive Essay Essay Example for Free

Descriptive Essay Essay There are few moments in a person’s life in which they can take a step back from their conscious minds and realize a change in â€Å"direction† or change of â€Å"purpose† within their paths. Most of life seems like a continuous flow of a journey, an ever speeding ride that starts and finishes as the sun’s journey through our day light. We are, when you get down to the core of it, simply a combination of our past experiences and memories. But some of us, few and far between, have experienced a brief moment in history in which we felt the tides of our own oceans turning. The moment is brief. The moment is sometimes small. Yet the moment is forever fleeting. Like a cool breeze that suddenly crosses over the hot sands of our minds, we suddenly are swept up from something that finally brings a new sense of understanding into our lives – ultimately changing us forever. This moment came for me when I was rather quite young. In fact, I was in the middle of my third year of elementary school. Before we go any further down this recollection trip of ours, I will have you know a little about my past. In my younger days, I had been branded as what you may refer to as a â€Å"liar†, but the reality wasn’t found in the sense of that word. Instead of â€Å"lying† in modems of deceit, I simply and honestly believed with all my being that if something was conceived within my thoughts and plopped out of my mouth that it was systematically true. It probably sounds absurd, simply believing in something and taking it as true when there was no evidence behind its conception other than my frivolous thoughts. But that’s how it was, or so I thought, in my world of being. In fact, I vividly remember telling my brother one day that I was actually not his sister, rather a lost princess in need of finding her way home. Where from the cosmos did that idea originate from? Well, since I can’t even tell you, God would be the only one to know. With the daisy chain I labored at making for hours around resting atop my curly locks and birds singing every which way I turned, I was a princess. Nothing that â€Å"reality† presented to me was truer than that. And so time went on. I was a royal princess. I did not eat the last cookie. I had magical powers. Just no one else knew about it yet. Imagination was the all-powerful and ruling force of my world – the seams of reality and dream forever muddled and intertwined. It was like I had not really been born yet, like I was not actually alive, rather just stuck in purgatory of pre-life and had not yet taken the steps into the real universe yet. And then came  third grade. It was Mrs. Alley’s class she was a rather â€Å"persnickety† as she liked to call it lady who absolutely wouldn’t let anyone get away with anything. She was nice though, I could tell she had a warm heart and I liked her better than my last teacher. All the other kids had done and finished their detailed map of the California state, all colorful and bright from crayons wax. But then there was me – perfectionist who would draw four pencil etchings and then erase five. Mrs. Alley announced that everyone that was done could go outside and begin a game of â€Å"kick ball†, which was the absolutely best part of any school day. I was put in between a rock and a hard place. As everyone else started fileling out of the room, a silence began to pervade the place. Eventually I was alone, sitting in a desk with a half lightly drawn potion of California on my paper. Eventually I just put my pencil down and started to look around the class room. It’s truly amazing how the absence of sound and souls can change a place. As the clock ticked onwards, my mind came to recollect the perfectly printed version of the California map that was resting in the pages of my history section of my binder. One envisioned, there was no turning back. I ran to the other side of the class room and tore my binder from the top shelf, turned the history tab and found my booty. It didn’t take long, the copying of the whole thing and the end product was rather magnificent if I have the right to admit so myself. By the time I was finished though I could hear little third grader feet beginning to scuff on the outside stairs. With the zip of a zipper and a scurry across the room, all proof of the occurrence had been erased†¦ or so it appeared. When everyone had come back in, Mrs. Alley announced that there would be a contest for whoevers map looked the nicest. As she walked around she gave nods and smiles to the other children, but when she came to peer over my shoulder she stopped. With perfect lines and strait edges my map probably seemed like a masterpiece of Van Gogh’s proportions compared to everyone else’s. It all happened rather quickly. The asking, the removing of the binder from the book shelf, the  hol ding of the map up to the window against the original, but all throughout this process a thought formed from within my head and there was no point of return: I had not traced it. I had done it all by myself with my own hands. For all I could have known in that moment I could have been outside the whole time with the rest of my class, but the history of the past hour was completely erased from my mind. It seems odd really, even for me to talk about the thought that I gave myself subject to and belief in, as if almost I am only recalling memories from another world or a half remembered dream. All I can remember from that moment is that from the whole moment is my whole body and being screaming â€Å"No† from every angle, every corner of the depths of my being. But she did not give in, she did not even falter. Eventually we sat alone in her room, fists clenched, face red, and eyes wet and still neither giving in. And then she turned to me and said â€Å"Ok Courtney† with the most unsatisfactory unbelieving persona that I have ever have witnessed in my life. As the car wised by the pine and cedar trees I could still feel the heat of anger come off my face. Why didn’t she believe me? My mom crying from the driver’s seat tried to lecture and yell sense into me. She was a good mom, is and always will be. Neither she nor my father had ever taught me to â€Å"lie† or let me get away with it. The sting of getting spanked had often been upon my bum in my younger years. But I honestly didn’t know what I was doing wrong. The â€Å"lies† I was accused of making were simply given truths in my mind. And then it hit me. Like a hail storm sent from the Greek gods that fell and tore away the bond between me and my fuzzy pink fog of fantasy, the memory. The remembrance of what had really occurred in the class room a couple hours ago. My world wasn’t real, or at least the one I had been creating wasn’t in the least. The bands of the horizon in my life slowly started to unravel and integrate in front of my very eyes. All of a sudden, from the very depths of somewhere in my being, a very distant kind of concrete place that resides behind my head, I heard a voice. Sweet and low, comforting yet powerful I heard a voice that was not of my own in my head. And it seemed to bend down and pull me close as a parent does to their kids after a thunder storm has just passed as it whispered somewhere within me, â€Å"BE ALIVE†. I started to cry, in fact rather mentally break down. And through my tear I finally gained sight of the light of day that penetrated and wished all the fuzzy thick fog of my fantasy  world away.

Historical Research Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses

Historical Research Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses What are the strengths and limitations of using biography, autobiography and oral history as historical sources? The combination of autobiography, biography and oral history is enrichment to the study of history through placing an emphasis on the role that personalities and individuals have in historical events.   They form important sources for historical study both primary and secondary. It has been claimed that the relative merits of biography and oral history, although intrinsically flawed, are an essential element in the writing and study of history. Oral history as a source can conceivably be controversial because it could be perceived as unreliable and mercurial.   Memory and the passage of time can intentionally or unintentionally, distort or omit details; seeming spontaneity in response can be over-elaborate or exaggerate an individuals contribution; oral dialogue can personalise events and confirm them but a personal perspective could also diminish and simplify the same events.   Interviews, despite possible lack of detail, lapses of memory and tricks of the imagination, give ac cess to a valuable historical source which could create a lost world. History is not just an evaluation of causes and consequences; it is also a study of human nature.   Autobiography, biography and oral history can give illustration and colour to what could be perceived as a dry and dusty subject.   They can add personal insight into an event and because of this they can also be unreliable.   They can modify or distort the truth according to the authors motives for writing the piece or agreeing to the interview. It could be argued that history is a record of human progress, achievements and endeavours so without the contribution of personalised accounts whether through oral recordings, biography or autobiography, the study and analysis of history would be a one-dimensional digest of facts.   History without some personal focus would be tedious and unbalanced; personal records prompt deeper historical reflection and research. Biography It is hard for the biographer, for instance, to rise above his own preconceptions and be truly objective. Biographies should be used as sources but it always should be borne in mind that they are often subjectively and not always objectively written. The one of the strengths of using biographies are that there is a direct focus on an event and the biographer might give an event more depth and detail than a general history book would and perhaps give it a human slant. Biographers can be biased, they are sometimes said to fall in love with their subjects. Whilst this maybe an exaggeration there is some truth in the fact that it is hard to be objective about a subject that the writer has analysed in depth and feels they understand.   Biographers are selective through necessity as no biography can ever be a full unvarnished story of a life.   In this selection the biographer has to make a decision as to whether he is judgemental or whether he presents a selection of facts from which his reader can form their own opinion of the subject.   In presenting such a selection, the biographer will be allowing his own views and background colour his choice. It is the attempt to be even-handed with the subject of the biography that can cause controversy as the biographer is accused of rehabilitating historys villains on one hand or denigrating its heroes on the other. Revisionist theories about notorious historical figures can cause outcry and condemnation as was well illustrated by David Irvings biography of Adolf Hitler. Even with all the problems, they still are a good source of information and the reader should always consider other books about the same person if they are unsure of the treatment of the subject matter. The wisest thing to do is to cross reference biographies/history books and use more than one source, in order to get a better and more informed opinion. Autobiography Autobiography can provide unique insights since nobody knows better than the subject about themselves. On the other hand they can be economical with the truth or written to cause sensation; the facts could be skewed because the writer will not doubt be attempting to present himself in the best light. It is also probable that only one point of view of events will be given so the account might not be well-balanced. That being said, autobiography is a good first source of information.

Redfin Pickerel :: essays research papers

Description: The Redfin pickerel has 15 to 36 dark, wavy vertical bars and reddish-orange lower fins. The coloration is much the same as that of chain pickerels, a dark backward slanting bar below the eye. The snout is shorter and broader than any other pickerel. There are normally 11 to 13 branchiosstegal rays under the lower jaw. The cheek and gill covers are completely covered in scales. They weigh up to one and a half pounds, which is the world record to this day. They have an average length from 6-10 inches with an average weight of 5 ounces. The Redfin Pickerel has a cylindrical, torpedo-shaped body with numerous sharp teeth at the point of the snout. Range: The range of the Redfin pickerel is found statewide with the exception of mountain habitats. Environment: They are usually found in heavy growths of aquatic plants in sluggish streams. They are also found in shallow coves of lakes or in ponds. They prefer water from 75 to 80 degrees. Redfin pickerels may be the dominant predator fish in small creeks. They prefer slow moving, heavily vegetated swamps and millponds. Food: Small fish make up most of the Redfin pickerels diet, but they also eat aquatic insects and various other invertebrates. Reproduction: The Redfin pickerel spawns in the early spring as water temperature approach 50Â °F. Spawning occurs in shallow water when the female deposits her eggs in vegetated areas where they are fertilized and left unattended. A large female may deposit as many as 4,000 eggs at one time. Some fish as small as 5 inches may release no more than 400 eggs. They become sexually mature by at least age two. No parental care is given to the eggs. Unique characteristics: The Redfin pickerel has numerous sharp teeth in a relatively pointed snout making it perfectly designed for its ambush-type-feeding behavior. Due to small size, sport fishing for this species is limited to coastal areas where the ideal habitat for growth exists. This fish is highly prized by many low country natives who grew up eating this sweet flavored fish.

Heart of Darkness - How Do We Encounter Ourselves in the Modern Society

While I was reading the short story â€Å"Heart of Darkness,† by Joseph Conrad, I recalled an essay I read back in Korea, titled â€Å"Why Do We Read Novels.† The writer of the essay states that the most common reason why we, as people, read novels is that it makes us ask ourselves how the justice or injustice of the real world relates to that of the author’s words. In this way, the short story â€Å"Heart of Darkness† portrays the experiences and thoughts of Conrad through the tale of two important characters, Marlow and Mr. Kurtz. His work forces the reader to ponder questions of the morality, humanity, and insanity which takes place in our human lives. The story is a record of Marlow’s journey to meeting Mr. Kurtz, a morally corrupted being who is a symbolic representation of the darkness and wilderness of the African jungle. It is necessary to pay close attention to the process of Marlow’s journey and meeting with Mr. Kurtz in order to understand the meaning of what he learned from discovering himself and how this relates to our modern world. Unlike other white men who went into the Congo River for unmoral or materialistic reasons, such as to Christianize the natives or to get rich by exploiting all the ivories in the jungle, Marlow does not feel right about how the Imperialistic European countries exploit of the rest of the world. This is shown very clearly when Marlow says â€Å"This devoted band called itself the Eldorado Exploring Expedition, and I believe they were sworn to secrecy. Their talk, however, was the talk of sordid buccaneers: it was reckless without hardihood, greedy without audacity, and cruel without courage, there was not an atom of fore-sight or of serious intention in the whole batch of them, and they did not seem aware ... ... jungles of the Congo or on the civilized streets of London. I feel strongly that one of the reasons why Conrad wrote this novella is to encourage us to ask ourselves about how we encounter ourselves in the contemporary society. He must have felt that people during his time indulged in imperialism, which prevented them from reflecting on themselves. Consequently, there are many evidences in the text that show his cynical view of imperialism. For example, Marlow describes the French army’s firing into a continent as â€Å"a feeble screech† (P.275), implying the author’s pessimistic view towards imperialism. In this way, the people in the modern society indulge in modern things that prevent us from reflecting on ourselves, such as mass media, the internet, etc. Conrad once said â€Å"Facing it, always facing it, that's the way to get through. Face it.† Are we facing ourselves?

Myths, Legends, and King Arthur Essay -- European Literature Essays Pa

Myths, Legends, and King Arthur Throughout the dawns of time, people have recorded lives and made histories about the past, the people and all of their dramatics. One such story is Le morte d'Arthur, or in English, the Death of Arthur. Despite its French title, the actual text was written in English. It is a twenty-one book series written by Sir Thomas Malory in 1469-1470 describing in detail the problematic lives of the Arthurian legends. Sir Thomas Malory was believed to be born in 1408, but no one really knows for sure. (New Standard M-86) He was an English author, compiler, and translator who was most known by his works on the Arthurian legends, and also the first great author of the English prose and epics. (Encarta, Malory) He was also a knight from Warwickshire who ended up serving time in the military on French soil under Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. He was knighted for his efforts sometime before 1442 and served in Parliament in 1445. After that he spent many years in imprisonment for political and municipal charges. He spent most of his last twenty years in prison. (CRC) It was during this time that he wrote his version of the Arthurian Legends, basing most of his work on French and English originals in prose and verse. His version of the story was originally called The Book of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table. It wasn't until after his death, when a man named William Caxton published his book in 1485 did it become known as Le morte d'Arthur. (New Standard M-86 & L-277) In order to explain the book, I must first explain the story of King Arthur. I'll take you to the beginning of the tale with Arthur's father Uther Pendragon. The story in itself actually begins with Merlin, whi... ...inter William Caxton arranged Malory's work into a single narrative in 1485. (Encarta Arthurian Legends) I chose this story in truth because I was running out of ideas, and happened across it when I was looking up landmarks in London in my Encyclopedia. I had found a section for English literature on the way and stopped to take a look at it. The authors of the volume were nice enough to put examples of the stories in time periods. I found the time period I needed and found Sir Thomas Malory's tales of legendary soap operas. I also liked the idea because it was one of my favorite stories when I was growing up. How it represents the society that created this version of woes, happiness and Arthur, and our present society, is we all have evils that we must contend with and no matter what age you live in there is always a soap opera life waiting around the corner.

A Concerted and Cogent Effort Needed to Establish Equality in Society Essay

The concept of establishing equality among all members of the society is as old as the history of civilization – the list of do’s and don’ts of several cultures also emanate out of that, before the dominant groups of the societies convert them as doctrines to maintain their dominance over the minorities. However, the voice of the concerned humans also rise from time to time, like what is now being heard under the titles like â€Å"human rights† or â€Å"living wage†. Though usually dubbed as a means of meeting the basic living requirements, living wage aims at facilitating humans to earn their lives to fulfill what Maslow (1943) described in his â€Å"hierarchy of needs,† which comprises of five sets of needs such as basic needs (air, water, food, clothing and shelter), safety and security needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Thus the concept of living wage raises issues of human rights with special emphasis on the right to survival and dignity. This article thus explores three situations depicted by three researchers to underpin the drivers of inequality in general. India is Plagued by Caste-concept and Exploitative Colonial Ruling Style In spite of being officially a staunch supporter of human rights with a clear backing from its constitution, India is still plagued by the legacies of the Hindu caste system and exploitative format of British ruling style, if the findings of Channa (2010) have anything to go by. He points out with evidence that there is a huge gap between the constitutional vision and the ground-level realities regarding the social and economic situation in India, where it clearly fails to reason why the majority of its population still reels under â€Å"below poverty line†, save providing living wage. Channa points out that legislation or legal strictures prove insufficient against the power of social will in India, which needs to be transformed to a state where the dominant groups of the society will unlearn the caste and exploitative colonial ruling concepts and perceive the real-time need of restoring the human status of its fellow countrymen. South Carolina Suffers from Contradictory Legislations The issue of living wage gets another dimension when it is seen from interpretive and political economic anthropological perspectives, where Kingsolver (2010) comes up with the instance of South Carolina, the area which tops in the number of people living in poverty due to high unemployment rate. Here the solution lies in enforcing legislated living wage that would prioritize human needs over the issue of earning profit. Kingsolver argues that the elimination of contradiction in the laws on tax or ‘right to work’ appears to be the first step towards achieving a legislated living wage, otherwise the age-old conflict between the logics of social welfare and the welfare of capital will continue to be at loggerheads in this region. Exploiters in the Avatar of Corporate Giants Bensen (2010) shows how ‘biocapitalism’ of the corporate giants like Philip Morris is actually a veiled threat to the normative functioning of the society, where it violates not only the ethical standards of living, but also carries on with the tendency of exploiting the human capital, let alone ignoring the issue of social equality. For example, the placement of tobacco auction warehouses as well as the leaf-processing plants in North Carolina are strategically placed in predominantly Black residential areas to get low-skill workers at a minimum rate and to profit more by saving the expenditure on workplace conditions. Conclusion All the three papers reviewed above analyze social dynamics of stigmatization under different contexts, where India suffers from the legacies of age-old caste system and exploitative British ruling strategies, while North and South Carolina suffer from racial discrimination and corporate manipulation. Such state of affairs only consolidates the impression that rules to establish human rights cannot be effective unless the mindset of the dominant groups are transformed, and for that matter, UN should steer a cogent and cohesive campaign across the globe on establishing human rights. References Benson, P. (2008). Good clean tobacco: Philip Morris, biocapitalism, and the social course of stigma in North Carolina. American Ethnologist, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 357-379. Channa, M. S. (2010). What do people live on? Living wages in India. American Anthropological Association, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 15-28. Kingsolver, A. (2010). Living wage considerations in the right-to-work state of South Carolina. American Anthropological Association, Vo. 31, No. 1, pp. 30-41. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370- 396.

Hunger Games Comparison

hunger Games vs. Our club A. unveiling 1. Alter bodies for fashion/looks 2. 13 colonies surmisal 3. Average American/ Average Capitolean B. corpse Altering 1. Body coloration a. tatooes b. tanning beds c. piercings/ unilateral pig 2. culture C. 13 Colonies Theory 1. 13 states/districts a. try to go along a war b. queer George threesome /President Snow taking oer cruely c. Lower break/ Upper class 2. Upper Class = large and moder metropolis = Capitol 3. While there is no much(prenominal) thing as an ordinaryy American, it is not the pillow slip that most(prenominal) Americans are balkanized in enclaves where they leave little of what life is worry for most otherwise Americans. The American Mainstream whitethorn be hard to specify in detail, nevertheless it exists -Charles Murray D. Average American/ Those in the Capitol 1. We wholly begin an idea of what the medium American looks like, alone the most special K dissolver was obese, piercing, tatooes, one-side d hair. How does this compare to the hurt Games? easily in the aridity Games, the Capitol people had colored hair and skin, glitter, unique hair, and did some(prenominal) a(prenominal) other unusual things to themselves to portray themselves as fine-looking and the red-hot it thing.If you looked at our society, you would see how fairish about everyone is trying to be the sightly American and follow solely the forward-looking trends. Susanna collins took this possibleness and make it her throw creating a society that portays barely how ours is. E. Conclusion 1. Body Alteration 2. 13 colonies theory 3. Average thirst Games vs. Our Society crave Games by Susanna Collins, has many similarities to our modern solar day society. The people live in the thirst Games Capitol do many things to their body that our society does to theirs.The long dozen districts in Hunger Games had many parallelisms to our long dozen authentic colonies. The median(a) psyche living in the capitol has many similarities to our societies average person. Hunger Games society has many of the cultural influences that we digest in our modern day society. In Hunger Games, Susanna Collins has many unusual cultural expectancies just as our modern day society does. numerous citizens of our modern day society hold tatooes, unusual colorings of the hair, piercings, and skin coloring (tanning beds) as a way to express themselves and their beauty.The citizens of the Capitol has these equal things. They do very unusual things to their skin, face, and hair. Susanna Collins uses our societys unusual behaviors and neutered them to fit the usage of the Capitol. The thirteen districts in Hunger Games sustain a lot to compare to our nations original thirteen colonies. In our original thirteen colonies, they were trying to exclude war at heart their new nation while those in the thirteen districts were also trying to avoid a war. The Capitol is ran by a horrible and power abusin g President Snow.When our thirteen colonies were still new and trying to give way a new nation, King George trio of Great Britain was still trying to laugh at his power oer them. Both of these leading were ruthless when trying to rule over their people. The thirteen districts and colonies also have the resemblance of a upper class and a lower class. Before our thirteen colonies became a nation, they were considered lower class while King George III and his subjects were upper class. The most common translation of upper class is a large and modern city/ place.This definition fits exactly to the Capitol described in Hunger Games. Our original thirteen colonies and Hunger Games Capitol have many similarities and similar ideas. We all have an idea of what the average american looks like, But our most common answer is obese, piercing, tatooes, dyed hair. How does this compare to the Hunger Games? Well in the Hunger Games, the Capitol people had colored hair and skin, glitter, unusu al hair, and did many other unusual things to themselves to portray themselves as beautiful and the new it thing.If you took a look at our society, you would see how just about everyone is trying to be the average American and follow all the new trends. Susanna Collins took this theory and made it her own creating a society that portays exactly how ours is. While there is no much(prenominal) thing as an ordinary American, it is not the case that most Americans are balkanized in enclaves where they know little of what life is like for most other Americans. The American Mainstream may be hard to specify in detail, but it exists -Charles Murray. Susanne Collins took many ideas of business relationship and our society to write her book Hunger Games.She took the idea of how our modern society deviate their bodies to fit the image that our media creates for us. She also took the narration of the original thirteen colonies or states and adapted it to fit the role of the districts in H unger Games. In addition to those, she took how the idea of the average American and changed it and made it the characteristics of the people living in the capitol. Susanne Collins, author of the novel Hunger Games took many of our modern day ideas and our countrys history and fit it to make Hunger Games the net comparison to our modern day society.

Protection of Refugees in India

resistance OF REFUGEES IN INDIA Deepak Shahi and Navrati Dongrey second year B. A LL. B (Hons) . Rajiv Gandhi National University of virtue of nature, Patiala, Punjab pinch The development of the companionship and the nation brings with itself a comp wizardnt part of paradoxs likewise. There atomic number 18 a lot of problems set ab disc over by India, be it gender places, poverty, unemployment etc. oneness of these burning issues is the aegis of refugees.Refugees atomic number 18 those concourse who pass migrated from otherwise surface atomic number 18a desireing shelter and security. This stem deals with the various efforts recognisen to cling to them at the subject field as hale as international level. The purpose of protection refugees in India dates back to the partition in 1947, which brought in India millions of refugees. Then came the creation of Bangladesh which invited refugees who settled in eastern renders. The omit of consistent practic e of justness authorities the refugees has created chaos and dealing with the problem.The instable companionable, political and stinting condition in the neighbour countries had led to the closed protest of natives of these countries in India, as India is subscribeed to be a very halcyon destination to live in illeg t step up ensembley. There atomic number 18 lot of problem organism faced by the presidential marches to tackle the growing number of refugees. The lack of strict vigil of the butt againsting resigns is one the reason for the settlement of refugees in India. This paper studies the protection provide by the Indian brass to refuges and deals with the problem faced by them.In the end in that respect is the conclusion and most(prenominal) suggestion given by us regarding the issue of protection. INTRODUCTION Indias multifariousness, constancy and relatively comfortably formal rule of law pretend make it a ind thoroughlying terminus for people fleeing pers ecution, ill-treatment, derangement and instability in their own countries. Within the southeastern Asian region, India stands out as an elision of tolerant, liberal, democratic and secular political sympathies in a vicinity of unstable, fickled and vaporific states.India has historic exclusivelyy faced a server of inflowes over more millennia and the ability of these people to incorporate into a multi-ethnic society and contri howevere peace in fully to local cultures and economies has strengthened the information of India being a inelegant tradition tout ensembley genial to refugees. India shargons seven shore borders and one sea border with countries in vary states of strife and war and, over the historic period, has innkeepered large refugee existences non only from neighbouring countries but overly from the countries outside the Indian subcontinent.Throughout the world and over the centuries, societies set out welcomed f flopened, play out strangers, the victims of persecution and violence. This humans raceist tradition of offering sanctuary is much now played out on goggle box screens across the globe as war and large persecution produce millions of refugees and internally displaced somebodys. Yet even as people continue to flee from threats to their lives and freedom, governing bodys are, for m some(prenominal) reasons, decision it increasingly difficult to reconcile their addition impulses and covenants with their internal emergencys and political realities.At the start of the twenty-first century, protect refugees means maintaining solidarity with the worlds most threatened, while finding answers to the challenges confronting the international system that was created to do just that. 1 REFUGEE A person who is outside his or her body politic of nationality or habitual residence has a hygienic-founded fear of persecution because of his race, religion, nationality, social military position of a peculiar(prenominal) social group or political creed and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the rotection of that country, or to parry on that point, for fear of persecution. 2 According to the humanist interpretation, a refugee is any(prenominal)one who has fled his country because he has a well-founded fear of persecution if he remains. The major obligation of refugee protection is the principle of non-refoulement, which discovers that a person is not returned to a life-threatening situation. 3 Refugees are a subgroup of the liberaler year ofdisplaced persons. Refugees flee because of the threat of persecution and empennagenot return safely to their business firms in the prevailing circumstances.Persons, who stand participated in war crimes and impingements of humanitarian and human rights law including the crime of terrorism, are specifically excluded from the protection accorded to refugees. 4 too Environmental refugees (people displaced because ofenvironmentalprobl ems such(prenominal) asdrought) are not included in the definition of refugee chthonicinternational law, as well asinternally displaced people. Refugees are people who become demonstrated to the Immigration and Nationality Directorate that they have a well grounded fear of being persecuted in their home country for reasons of Race Religion Nationality Or membership of a particular Social group governmental opinion These conditions are set(p) down in the 1951 linked Nations concourse relating to the status of refugees to which the joined prop up is a signatory. Sometimes people assholenot meet the criteria laid down in the 1951 United Nations Convention but may be allowed to plosive in the United Kingdom on humanitarian grounds for a shapeed period of time. Refugees have the same rights and responsibilities as any other citizen, including rights associated with Family reunion Welfare Benefits diddle THE DEFINITION OF REFUGEES INCLUDES 1. That the person has to be o utside their country of business line 2. The reason for their flight has to be a fear of persecution 3. This fear of persecution has to be well founded (i. e. they have to have go throughd it or be liable(predicate) to experience it if they return) 4. The persecution has to result from one or more of the five grounds listed in the definition 5. They have to be unwilling or unable to seek the protection of the authorities in their country5HOW IS REFUGEE DIFFERENT FROM sanctuary SEEKER? An foundation seeker is a person who is seeking protection as a refugee and is lifelessness delay to have his/her claim assessed. The Refugee Convention definition is used by the Australian Government to posit whether their country has protection obligations towards asylum seekers. If an asylum seeker who has r separatelyed Australia is found to be a refugee, Australia is obliged chthonian international law to offer protection and to ensure that the person is not sent back unwillingly to a co untry in which they risk being prosecuted. 6 Refugees and asylum seekers are externally displaced people and bungholenot return Refugees and asylum seekers share their well-founded fear of persecution with internally displaced people (IDPs) who, although they have not crossed an international border, overly cannot return to their homes. WHERE DO REFUGEES COME FROM? more or less of the worlds recent refugees come from sheepskin coatistan, Iraq and Colombia. Afghanistan move to be the pass a keen-sighteding country of stock certificate for refugees. As of the end of 2007, there were close to 3. million Afghan refugees, or 27 per cent of the global refugee population. make up though Afghan refugees were to be found in 72 asylum countries worldwide, 96 per cent of them were regain in Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran alone. Iraqis were the second largest group, with 2. 3 million having sought-after(a) refuge mainly in neighboring countries. Afghan and Iraqi refugees ci rcular for almost half of all refugees nether UNHCRs state worldwide, followed by Colombians (552,000). 7 Top countries form where the Refugees originates Afghanistan 31,100,000 Iraq 23,00,000 Colombia 552,000 Sudan 523,000 Somalia 457,000 Burundi 376,000 DR congou 370,000 Following countries takes Refugees Pakistan 2,033,000 Syria 1,503,800 Iran 963,500 Jordan 578,900 Germany 500,300 Tanzania 435,600 china 301,100 UK 299,700 Chad 294,000 us 281,200 INDIAN stage setting Indias diversity, stability and relatively well constituted rule of law have made it a natural destination for people fleeing persecution and instability in their own countries. Within the siemens Asian region, India stands out as an exception of tolerant, democratic and secular government in a neighborhood of unstable and volatile states.India has historically faced many influxes over many millennia and the ability of these peoples to integrate into a multi-ethnic society and contribute peac efully to local cultures and economies has reinforced the perception of India being a country traditionally hospitable to refugees. India shares seven land borders and one sea border with countries in varied states of strife and war and, over the years, has hosted large refugee populations from neighboring countries. Indias status as a preferred refugee harbor is confirmed by the steady flow of refugees from many of its sub Continental neighbors as also from elsewhere. India continues to receive them despite its own over-a-billion population with at least six cardinal million living in poverty with limited access to fundamental amenities.However, the Indian legal textile has no uniform law to deal with its Brobdingnagian refugee population, and has not made any progress towards evolving one every until then, it chooses to treat incoming refugees based on their national origin and political considerations, questioning the symmetry of rights and privileges granted to refugee comm unities Indeed, the National Human remediates Commission (NHRC) has submitted numerous reports. The current number of refugees and asylum seekers in India stands at more or less 435,900 according to the World Refugee Survey 2007 conducted by the United demesnes deputation for Refugees and Im migratorys (USCRI), and supported by the a la mode(p) figures from the United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR). 8 India mostly plays host to refugees from its neighboring countries who are either forced to leave their countries of origin due to internal or external conflict, political persecution or human rights infringements.India has offered refugee status to asylum seekers from countries akin china, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Bhutan. 9 The circumstance in which the refugees exodus from their country may vary from political persecution However, it is clear that all these refugee populations deserve their basic human rights and the assistance that c an be afforded by the Government of India. To define the articulate refugee in Indian legal terms is theoretically not possible since neither the Foreigners Act (1946) nor its amendments or additions, contains or defines the term. However, this study shall consider the definition propounded by a commission chaired by Justice P N Bhagwati in 1997,10 whose working associate was to construct a uniform national law on refugees.Although the bill was never tabled in Parliament, the term refugee was adequately defined in the Model constabulary as either. There are no coercive statistics on the number of people who have fled persecution or violence in their countries of origin to seek precaution in India. However, because of Indias poriferous borders and accommodative policies, it was estimated that India hosted approximately 3, 30,000 such people in 2004. 11 It is estimated that over 20 lakh Nepalis fleeing from civil conflict have entered India unobserved over the open border. Ther e are also an unknown but large number of people displaced from Bhutan because of their ethnic-Nepali origins. 12LEGAL SETUP FOR REFUGEES shelter after the Second World War, the Refugee Convention was adopted with cut back geographical and temporal conditions to lend oneself to post-War Europe In 1967, in an effort to give the Convention universal joint application, a Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees that removed the leapions of the Convention was added. Together, these two key legal documents provide the basic framework for refugee protection across the world. As of February 2006, 146 countries were States Parties to either the Convention or its Protocol or both. However, India has repeatedly declined to join either the Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol.In addition, India has resisted demands for a national legislation to govern the protection of refugees The relative success that India has had with this approach, which is guided by political instinct free from legal obligation, has led to an institutional complacency towards legal rights-enabling obligations to refugees. There has also been a hardening of attitudes about outsiders in recent years in light of heightened security concerns. This has resulted in veridical refugees paying an unfortunate price in a country that otherwise has an impressive history of protecting refugees. FOREIGNERS ACT, 1964 India relies on the Foreigners Act, 1946 to govern the admittance, puzzle and exit of foreigners in India. However, the Foreigners Act is a gross legislation that was enacted as a reaction to the train of Second World War in the colonial period.The continuity to deal with this legislation in self- take awayed India even after the independence only deliver the governments desire to retain dogmatic power to deal with foreigner13 and thus covering all refugees within its ambit as well. CONSTITUIONAL PROVISION Also some provision of the Indian shaping14 reflect that the rules of nat ural jurist in common law systems are equally applicable in India, even to refugees. The established principle of rule of law in India is that no person, whether a citizen or an alien shall be deprive of his life, liberty or property without the authority of law. The Constitution of India expressly incorporates the common law precept and the Courts have gone further to raise it to the status of one of the basic features ofthe Constitutionwhich cannot be amended.Courts may establish international law only when there is no conflict between international law and home(prenominal) law, and also if the provisions of international law sought to be applied are not in contravention of the spirit ofthe Constitutionand national legislation, thereby enabling a harmonious construction of laws. It has also been firmly laid that if there is any such conflict, then domestic law shall prevail. 15 RESTRICTED aliment OF THE CONSTITUITION There are a few Articles of the Indian Constitution which ar e equally applicable to refugees on the Indian soil in the same guidance as they are applicable to the Indian Citizens The compulsive Court of India has consistently held that the Fundamental Right enshrined under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution regarding the Right to life and personal liberty, applies to all irrespective of the feature whether they are citizens of India or aliens. 16 The various High Courts in India have liberally adopted the rules of natural justice to refugee issues, along with recognition of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) as playing an important role in the protection of refugees. The Honble High Court of Guwahati has in various judgments, know the refugee issue and permitted refugees to approach the UNHCR for determination of their refugee status, while staying the expatriation orders issued by the district court or the administration. In the case of National Human Rights Commission v. State of Arunachal Pradesh 17the Honble Supreme Court held that refugees are a class apart from foreigners deserving of the protection of Article 21 of the Constitution. INDIANS CONCERN TOWARDS REFUGEES PROTECTIONThere have been a number of spare legislative measures to deal with refugee influxes inspite of any law which makes refugees as a special class distinct from foreigner Special laws to deal with refugees have been used primarily by the various State Governments18 There are three main way in which the Indian government deal with refugees are refugees in lot influx situations are received in camps and accorded brief protection by the Indian Government including, sometimes, A. A certain measure of socio-economic protection B. Asylum seekers from due south Asian countries, or any other country with which the government has a sensitive relationship, apply to the government for political asylum which is usually granted without an panoptic refugee status determination subject, of course, to political exigencies C. Citizens of other countries apply to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for individual refugee status determination in accordance with the terms of the UNHCR rule and the Refugee ConventionThe first foreign influx of refugees occurred in 1959 from Tibet when the government, politically uncomfortable with China, set up get across camps, provided food and medical supplies, issued identity documents and even transferred land for exclusive Tibetan enclaves across the country for subtlety and occupation along with government provided housing, healthcare and educational facilities. The Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, having arrived in India in three waves outset in 1983, have also been relatively well received in the geographically and ethnically nigh State of Tamil Nadu where a large stage of local integration has occurred. In comparison, the Chakma influxes of 1964 and 1968 saw a subdued and reluctant government response. 19 The largest mass influx in post-Partition history occurred in 1971 when approximately 16 million refugees from erstwhile East Pakistan sought caoutchouc in India.Although most of the refugees returned within a year, the experience left the Indian government both tart at the non responsiveness of international organizations and complacent in the confidence of being able to deal with hereafter mass influxes. Refugees who are not extended direct assistance by the Indian Government are free to apply to the UNHCR for recognition of their asylum claims and other assistance. The ambivalence of Indias refugee policy is sharply brought out in relation to its Treatment of the UNHCR. While no formal arrangement exists between the Indian government and the UNHCR, India continues to sit on the UNHCRs Executive mission in Geneva. India has not even signed refugees blueprint. It is ill-considered but true that India allows UNHCR to operate it on its dirt despite of being entered into any legal treaty. REFUGEES ho nest UNDER LAW IN INDIAMany experts in the area of refugee law believe that the more concrete alternative to proposing an entirely new law is to foment for changes in Indias current policy regarding refugees. As stated above, no current Indian law refers directly to refugees. Refugees thus fall under the scene of the legislative framework that addresses all foreigners in India in the same way, under the Foreigners Act 1946. The Act contains broad powers of cargo hold subject to the discretion of the decision maker, and makes illegal entry into the country a crime punishable by up to 5 years with no exception for refugees and asylum seekers. Also pertinent to determining the rights of refugees in Indian law are two pre-independence enactments that modify the government to impose stringent conditions of entry and stay in India.This body of legislation indisputably gives the Indian executive excessive powers over foreigners in India, includingthe power to restrict movement inside India, to mandate medical examinations, and to limit employment opportunities. This framework is problematic for refugees because the governments unrestrained power of expulsion could possibly lead torefoulementand deny refugees their basis human rights while in India in contravention of international obligations. The Extradition Act 1962 provides some protection to refugees facing extradition by restricting the governments freedom to remove from its territory a particular category of foreigners. 20This restriction, however, is so narrowly relevant that it does not provide any real safeguards for the volume of refugees in India whose removal from the territory is most believably to fall under the category ofexpulsion instead thanextradition. INDIAS INTERNATIONAL EFFORT IN THE PROTECTION OF REFUGEES Although India is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or the 1967 Protocol, it is party to a number of international human rights instruments that create protection obligati ons toward refugees. Indian and other commentators from ontogeny countries also call attention to the current state of flux in international refugee law.In a statement to the Executive military commission of the UNHCR in October 2003, the Indian Permanent Re attestative pointed out that the situation of refugee and migratory movements in the world today are immensely different from what they were when the UNHCR was created and this had to be reflected in practice to advance the UNHCRs ability to play a important role. 21 THE 1951 REFUGEE CONVENTION The 1951 refugees principle is considered as an internationally agreed instrument and a mile rock-and-roll in refugees protection, since as mentioned earlier in the definition22. A person becomes refugee as soon as he or she is in the situation, and not after a state has formally know him to be so.He automatically becomes entitled to the protection under this definition. The well found fear is to be judged to the advantage of the c laimant which should take into account the situation prevailing in his origin and his individual circumstances. Persecution is not defined in the convention but has been interpreted to mean a violation of someones basic human right of sufficient gravity that the protection of another state is needed. 23 INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON urbane AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (ICCPR) It recognizes the inherent dignity and of the equal and unalienable right of all member of the human family. It takes into account the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and character of the United Nation.It binds that state to conform to the spirit of the covenant each party to the covenant to respect and ensure to all individual within its territory the rights herein recognized without distinction of any kind via race, color, sex, language, political or other opinion national or social origin property birth or other status. 24 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Although Indias past efforts in dealing with mass influxes has b een commendable, its geopolitical position in the subcontinent makes it a preferred destination for asylum seekers and migrant workers. It can be easily seen from the foregoing paragraphs that India stock-still its own security concerns, particularly in the drop dead couple of tenners, and pressure of population and the attendant economic factors, continues to take a humanitarian examine of the problem of refugees.Even though the country has not enacted a special law to govern refugees, it has not prove to be a serious handicap in coping satisfactorily with the enormous refugee problems besetting the country. The spirit and table of contents of the UN and International Conventions on the subject have been, by and large, honoured through executive as well as judicial intervention. By this means, the country has evolved a virtual(a) balance between human and humanitarian obligations on the one hand and security and national saki on the other. The need for a refugee law is immed iate. The uniform treatment of refugees is a must as long as India continues to accept asylum seekers across its porous borders.The restrictions and unequal treatment imposed on the refugee population by the Indian government is discriminatory and tarnishes its human rights record, which is not outstanding in any case. India can require foreigners to reside in mandated areas, thereby veto their right of movement across the country, and providing India the ability to suppress foreigners to refugee camps and conduct periodic camp inspections. One of the concerns that the host states have is the environmental degradation, which results from the activities of the refugees. The concern is real and of necessity to be addressed. In this regard the national law can place certain duties on the local administration, aid agencies, and on the refugee community. Often simple measures can avoid causing harm to the environment.For example in Bangladesh the UNHCR has distributed compressed rice h usks as cooking can to all families in the refugee camps in order to defame the collection of firewood and mitigate against deforestation around the camps. Since 1996, kerosene used for the ignition of the compressed rice husks is also being distributed to refugee families, to ensure that they do not need to collect firewood for this purpose. From the perspective of closures, an important question which need to be addressed concerns the problem of stateless persons in the region. For, among other things the problem of disputed nationality is the major impediment in the process of repatriation. For example there are four large groups of stateless persons in the randomness Asian region.Despite the widespread consensus that detention should be viewed as an exceptional measure, a problem which confronts the refugees is detention without justification. The provision of the International Human Rights Law, which offers protection against imperative arrest and detention should be pr operly implemented. A key problem in India relates to the frequent defense of access to camps to NGOs and the UNHCR. While India may have coherent concerns that motivate NGOs and states may indulge in disinformation to halt it before the international Community, the problem can be handled through establishing more effective communicative bring and diplomacy. The increasing emphasis of UNHCR in the last decade on voluntary repatriation as a solution meant that refugees are often returned against their will.Where return has been voluntary there needs to be thought given to formulate effective mechanisms to ensure that the state of origin lives up to the promises which it had made in order to persuade refugee to return. so the chakma refugees who returned from India to the Chittagong Hill Tracts In Bangladesh found that the Government did olive-sized to give them back their lands, or to provide them with becoming resources to guarantee a minimum standard of life. 25 Without any law or protocol, the Indian government has full autonomy to decide which rights and freedoms should be conferred upon which groups. Even kick upstairs communities like the Tibetan refugees have suffered due to lack of a firm policy. There is also a need for a change in the law.The mystify law has not been sufficiently considered by the nitty-gritty Government. For the last five years, the NHRC has been requesting the Government to provide refugee protection. Its present Chairman, A. S. Anand, has even set up a Committee to examine the law. The argumentation of terrorism and numbers having been met, there is no reason why the minimal protection against non-refoulement should not be enacted. This can probably be done even through rules. But the argument is not just over the Sri Lankan refugees, the Bangladeshis, the Afghans, the Bhutanese or the Myanmarese. It is whether India wants its voice on the worlds most persecuted to be perceive so as to mould future policy.If India is w aiting for a cue from its neighbour, China has joined the convention and enacted refugee protection legislation. African countries have got together to set up both national and regional solutions. India needs to critique its ambivalent refugee law policy, evolve a regional approach and enact rules or legislation to protect persecuted refugees. This is one step towards supporting a humanitarian law for those who need it. As a refugee-prone area, South Asia requires India to take the lead to devise a regional policy consistent with the regions needs and the capacity to start refugees under conditions of global equity. 1Ms. Kate Jastram and Ms.Marilyn Achiron, Refugee Protection A sharpen to International Refugee Law, http//www. ipu. org/PDF/publications/refugee_en. pdf, (29 April 2010) 2 Article 1 of 1951 Refugee convention 1951 3 Rajeev Dhavan, Refugee Law and Policy in India (New Delhi PILSARC, 2004), p. 156. 4 Basic Facts, http//unhcr. org. ua/main. php? article_id=5&view=full ( 29 April 2010) 5 Article 1A(2) of the Refugee Convention, 1951 6Background information of refugees and asylum seeker http//www. refugeecouncil. org. au/docs/news&events/RW_Background_Information. pdf (visited on twenty-sixth march 2010) 7World Refugee Survey 2007, United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, http//www. refugees. org/WRS_Archives/2007/48- 69. 27 march, 2010) 8 Rajeev Dhavan, On the Model Law for Refugees A response to the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), NHRC Annual Reports 1997- 1998, 1999-2000 (New Delhi PILSARC, 2003). 9 Drafted under the auspices of the Regional Consultations on Refugees and Migratory Movements in South Asia initiative in 1995, with Justice P N Bhagwati as the Chairperson of the Drafting Committee of the India-specific version of the national law on refugee protection. 10 Florina Benoit, India A National Refugee Law Would Equalise Protection, Refugees International, 2004. 11 Asian instruction Bank, Nepal Country Strategy and Programme 2005-2009. 12 Section 2(a) of the foreigners act, 1964 defines foreigner as a person who is not a citizen of India. 13 Article 22(1), 22(2) and 25(1) of the Indian organisation 14 T.Ananthachari, Refugees In India Legal Framework, Law Enforcement And Security http//www. worldlii. org/int/journals/ISILYBIHRL/2001/7. html, (1 April 2010) 15 Articles,14,20 and 21 of the Indian Constitution 16 AIR 1966 SCC 742 17 UNHCR Statistical annual India, 2003, UNHCR Geneva. 18 National Human Rights Commission (1996) 1 SCC 742 at pr. 15 19 V. K. Dewan, The Extradition Act 1962in Law of Citizenship Foreigners and Passports, second ed, Allahabad Orient Law House, 1987,p. 515. 20 James Hathaway, The Emerging politics of Non-Entree, Refugees, Migration Review Vol. 91, December, pp. 40-41. 21 Article 1A(2) of the Refugee Convention,